Steel Company of Wales, a British steelmaker, wants to bring in Virginia coal, cut down on its takings of Welsh coal in order to be able to compete more effectively -- especially in foreign markets.

Virginia coal, delivered by ship in Wales, will be about $2.80 a ton cheaper than Welsh coal delivered by rail from nearby mines.

In 1851, the Admiralty decided to use Welsh steam coal in ships of the Royal Navy, and this decision boosted the reputation of Aberdare's product and launched a huge international export market.

Steam coal was subsequently found in the Rhondda and further west, but many of the great companies of the Welsh coal industry's Gilded Age started operation in Aberdare and the lower Cynon Valley, including those of Samuel Thomas, David Davies and Sons, Nixon's Navigation and Powell Duffryn.

The son of a Welsh coal miner who later became a union official and Labour MP, Roy Jenkins served with distinction in World War II.

* 1898: Welsh coal strike, involving the colliers of South Wales and Monmouthshire.

Although the mining communities which gave rise to these choirs largely died out in the 1970s and 1980s with the decline of the Welsh coal industry, many of these choirs continue, and are seen as a traditional part of Welsh culture and perform worldwide.

Another notable early radio drama, one of the first specially written for the medium in the UK, was Danger by Richard Hughes, broadcast by the BBC on January 15, 1924, about a group of people trapped in a Welsh coal mine.

Davis played Miss Moffat, an English teacher who saves a young Welsh miner ( John Dall ) from a life in the coal pits, by offering him education.

A turn-of-the-century coal mining boom saw Welsh, Germans, Scots-Irish, Italians, natives of the Balkan countries and many others and their families immigrate from all over the world.

Many Welsh and later Italians came to mine the coal.

Nanty Glo ( Welsh for " stream of coal ") is located at ( 40. 472096 ,-78. 834777 ).

The Welsh immigrants, having experience with coal mining in the U. K., were sent to the west side hills to set up mines.

The original edition included 32 illustrations which were photographs of Welsh coal miners and of slums in the East End of London.

His father was of Welsh descent and ran a golf course ; his mother was of Ukranian Rusyn ancestry and descended from a family of coal miners.

Although some contemporary sources suggest there was coal mining in Oldham at a commercial scale by 1738, older sources attribute the commercial expansion of coal mining with the arrival in the town of two Welsh labourers, John Evans and William Jones, around 1770.

The school was owned and funded by the major Welsh coal owners, through a levy of one tenth of a penny on each ton of coal produced by the companies involved.

: Violence occurs between striking members of a miners ' union in Scranton, Pennsylvania when Welsh miners attack Irish and German-American miners who chose to leave the union and accept the terms offered by local mining companies .< ref > The Coal Riot.

In one article he accused Churchill of having Welsh miners shot during strikes in the 1920s.

The town originally was developed by Welsh miners who were Protestants, usually members of the Methodist Church.

These were welcomed by the mining companies because they worked for low wages, and thus undercut the bargaining power of the increasingly organized Irish and Welsh miners.

Experienced English and Welsh miners arrived first from their home lands.

This brought an influx of miners, mostly Welsh, into the area.

Arthur Horner, the Communist leader of the Welsh miners, fought off attempts to found a similar union on his patch.

In 1926, Welsh miners went on strike over their appalling working conditions.

A few years later in the 1820s a set of four tunnels were hand carved by Welsh miners to permit access to the beaches by horse-drawn carriage as well as by foot.

By the time of the Miners ' strike in the 1980s, Maerdy was the location of one of the last working mines in the south Wales valleys, and the pictures of the returning miners once the strike was resolved was one of the defining moments of late 20th century Welsh history.

It is claimed that " Abby " Dodd was not awarded an Albert Medal because of an interview he gave to a journalist criticising the colliery owners, at a time when there had been considerable conflict in the Welsh coal mines between miners and owners.

Kenny notes there were frequent tensions between miners of English and Welsh descent, who held the majority of skilled positions, and the mass of unskilled Irish laborers.

Chirk won the Welsh Cup five times between 1887 and 1894, with miners making up a large proportion of the team.

After struggling to win the local Welsh miners over to her English ways, an illiterate teenager, by the name of Morgan Evans eventually graduates with honors.

Welsh miners came in the 1850s, naming the town after the Cherokee and constructing many buildings in town.

In the 1820s, immigrant Welsh miners brought tales of the knockers and their theft of unwatched items and warning knocks to western Pennsylvania, when they gravitated there to work in the mines.

Welsh coal miners joined them in the 1870s.

In 1885 Arvon Presbyterian Church was founded to serve the many Welsh miners in the Slate Quarry.

The Welsh coal miners shared the same working class ethos of the miners from the northern counties of England.

* During the first week of August in Wales, the National Eisteddfod of Wales is held, in which many aspects of Welsh art and culture are celebrated.

The name of Germany and the German language, in French, Allemagne, allemand, in Portuguese Alemanha, alemão, in Spanish Alemania, alemán, and in Welsh ( Yr ) Almaen, almaeneg are derived from the name of this early Germanic tribal alliance.

Details of his life are described in a work by the 10th century Welsh scholar and bishop Asser.

There were many chapels in the area, most of which from the non-conformist era of Welsh religion ; few of these are still used, and many have been converted or demolished.

Similar creatures are also found in Welsh, Norse and American folklore, such as aos sí (" tumulus folk ").

The Q-Celtic nationalities are the Irish, Scottish and Manx peoples, while the P-Celtic groups are the Cornish, Bretons and Welsh peoples.

The 21 consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z, and usually W and Y: The letter Y stands for the consonant in " yoke ", the vowel in " myth " and the vowel in " funny ", and " yummy " for both consonant and vowel, for examples ; W almost always represents a consonant except in rare words ( mostly loanwords from Welsh ) like " crwth " " cwm ".

According to Mike Dash, a Welsh historian, few scientists doubt there are thousands of unknown animals, particularly invertebrates, awaiting discovery ; however, cryptozoologists are largely uninterested in researching and cataloging newly-discovered species of ants or beetles, instead focusing their efforts towards " more elusive " creatures that have often defied decades of work aimed at confirming their existence.

There are also a substantial number of Welsh speakers in the Patagonia area of Argentina.

These are the Goidelic Irish ( Gaeilge ) and Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig ) descended from Old Irish, and the Brythonic Welsh and Breton descended from the British language.

Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night ( English ), nuit ( French ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch ), nag ( Afrikaans ), nicht ( Scots ), natt ( Swedish, Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech, Slovak, Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч, nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч, noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek, νύχτα / nyhta in Modern Greek ), nox ( Latin ), nakt-( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), noche ( Spanish ), nos ( Welsh ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), noapte ( Romanian ), nakts ( Latvian ) and naktis ( Lithuanian ), all meaning " night " and derived from the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ), " night ".

The Sub-Roman or Post-Roman history of Dumnonia comes from a variety of sources and is considered exceedingly difficult to interpret given that historical fact, legend and confused pseudo-history are compounded by a variety of sources in Middle Welsh and Latin.

The w-circumflex and the y-circumflex are among the most commonly accented characters in Welsh, but unusual in languages generally, and were until recently very hard to obtain in word-processed and HTML documents.

Dolmens are known by a variety of names in other languages including dolmain ( Irish ), cromlech ( Welsh ), anta ( Portuguese and Galician ), Hünengrab / Hünenbett ( German ), Adamra ( Abkhazian ), Ispun ( Circassian ), Hunebed ( Dutch ), dysse ( Danish and Norwegian ), dös ( Swedish ), and goindol ( Korean ).

Instead he believes his work, especially his earlier more autobiographical poems, are rooted in a changing country which echoes the Welshness of the past and the Anglicisation of the new industrial nation: " rural and urban, chapel-going and profane, Welsh and English, Unforgiving and deeply compassionate.

Edinburgh has also become associated with the crime novels of Ian Rankin, and the work of Irvine Welsh, whose novels are mostly set in the city and are often written in colloquial Scots.

Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible, although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining: Cardiff City ( the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927 ), Swansea City, Wrexham, Merthyr Town, Newport County and Colwyn Bay.

The names used in the languages themselves ( Gaeilge / Gaolainn / Gaelic in Irish, Gaelg / Gailck in Manx, and Gàidhlig in Scottish Gaelic ) are derived from Old Irish Goídelc, which comes from Old Welsh Guoidel meaning " pirate, raider ".

The most prominent names among Welsh hymn-writers are William Williams Pantycelyn and Ann Griffiths.

The Welsh triple harp and early Irish and Scottish harps, however, are traditionally placed on the left shoulder.