Parshva, the earliest Jain Tirthankara, whom modern Western historians consider to be a historical figure, lived in about the 8th century BCE.

Among Western historians, it conflicts with the postmodern impulse which is skeptical of great narratives.

While some anti-imperialist narratives notably those of historians within the People's Republic of China as well as Western Marxist histories incorporate anti-imperialist narratives in their histories, many anti-imperialist narratives are non-Marxist or as in the case of the Kuomintang in the 1960s, actively anti-Marxist.

Long abandoned as a research focus among most Western scholars due to postmodernism's influence, it remains the primary interest for most historians inside China.

It is an “ instrument of wholesale destruction, dependency and systematic exploitation producing distorted economies, socio-psychological disorientation, massive poverty and neocolonial dependency .” According to some Marxist historians, in all of the colonial countries ruled by Western European countries “ the natives were robbed of more than half their natural span of life by undernourishment ”.

The areas administered from Rome are referred to by historians the Western Roman Empire and those under the immediate authority of Constantinople called the Eastern Roman Empire or ( after the Battle of Yarmouk in 636 AD ) the Later Roman or Byzantine Empire.

The beginnings of the habit in Europe of continual and increasingly rapid change in clothing styles can be fairly reliably dated to the middle of the 14th century, to which historians including James Laver and Fernand Braudel date the start of Western fashion in clothing.

In addition, Gesta Danorum offers singular reflections on European affairs in the High Middle Ages from a unique Scandinavian perspective, supplementing what has been handed down by historians from Western and Southern Europe.

Some historians have argued that Stalin was also planning to send millions of Jews to four large newly built labor camps in Western Russia using a " Deportation Commission " that would purportedly act to save Soviet Jews from an engraged Soviet population after the Doctors Plot trials.

Western historians like Bühler, Jacobi, and Indian scholars like Iravatham Mahadevan, worked on Tamil Brahmi inscriptions.

In Western society, the use of oral material goes back to the early Greek historians Herodotus and Thucydides, both of whom made extensive use of oral reports from witnesses.

Some historians regard Julius Nepos, who ruled in Dalmatia until being murdered in 480, as the last lawful Western Roman Emperor.

According to several Western historians, Stalinist agricultural policies were a key factor in causing the Soviet famine of 1932 – 1933, which the Ukrainian government now calls the Holodomor, recognizing it as an act of genocide.

More nuanced versions of this general view are to be found in the works of other Western historians, such as Robert Service, who notes that " institutionally and ideologically, Lenin laid the foundations for a Stalin ... but the passage from Leninism to the worse terrors of Stalinism was not smooth and inevitable.

During the Renaissance, however, Thucydides attracted less interest among Western European historians as a political philosopher than his successor, Polybius, although Poggio Bracciolini claimed to have been influenced by him.

Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work.

This event would late be romanticized in Western literature and history as the Fall of Rome and is traditionally used by historians to mark the beginning of the European Middle Ages.

It is sometimes cited as the notional end of the Middle Ages by historians who define the medieval period as the time between the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and the fall of the Byzantine ( Eastern Roman ) Empire.

The nature of this document as recorded by Ibn Ishaq and transmitted by Ibn Hisham is the subject of dispute among modern Western historians, many of whom maintain that this " treaty " is possibly a collage of different agreements, oral rather than written, of different dates, and that it is not clear exactly when they were made.

Glycerius ' deposition was thus without any bloodshed, and historians investigated the possible reasons why the Western Emperor, who had Gundobad and his army at his command did not try to resist.

The period from 1377 to 1417 when there were rival claimants to the title of pope is referred to as the " Western Schism " or " the great controversy of the antipopes " by some Roman Catholic scholars and " the second great schism " by many secular and Protestant historians.

Norwegian and Icelandic historians identified Rollo instead with Ganger Hrolf ( Hrolf, the Walker ), a son of Rognvald Eysteinsson, Earl of Møre, in Western Norway, based on medieval Norwegian and Icelandic sagas.

Because of this shift, historians divide the Zhou era into the Western Zhou (), lasting up until 771 BC, and the Eastern Zhou () from 770 up to 256 BC.

A significant number of historians consider the oppression of Rus ' by the Mongols to be the major cause of what is sometimes called " the East-West gap "-approximately 200 years delay in introducing major social, political and economical reforms and scientific innovations in Russia compared to Western Europe.

Africans and Asians tend to consider not only missions but the local churches they have produced as centers and agents of Western culture and ideology if not of direct political propaganda.

Western European nations tend to have more restrictions on gun ownership and use than Eastern European nations.

British critics tend to use the label Continental Western.

This ritual is still practiced widely among rural Chinese, however young people in larger cities, as well as in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, tend to practice a more Western style of marriage.

Vacuums tend to be more common in Western countries because in most other parts of the world, wall-to-wall carpeting is uncommon and homes have tile or hardwood floors, which are easily swept, wiped, or mopped manually without power assist.

In addition, he claims that the " notation-centric training " of Western music schools " induces particular forms of listening, and these then tend to be applied to all sorts of music, appropriately or not ".

With anime, genre entries tend towards the Science Fiction Western ( Cowboy Bebop, Trigun, Outlaw Star, etc.

Ayurvedic medicine practices include extensive herbal, mineral and talismanic preparations compounded and applied according to astrologic and Vedic prescription which tend to further expand monotheistic Western definitions of " anointment ".

Instead, symbols associated with Christianity and modern Western society tend to be incorporated into their rituals as magical artifacts, for example the use of cross-shaped grave markers.

Southern and Midwestern states generally tend to have more counties than Western or Northeastern states, as many Northeastern states are not large enough in area to warrant a large number of counties, and many Western states were sparsely populated when counties were created.

The communities in the Eastern and Western halves of Jefferson County tend to not mingle much, because of the barrier dividing the county.

Most Belgians tend to view their culture as an integral part of European or Western culture.

Like those depicted in Western movies, they tend to appear with outrageously long tongues and long razor sharp black fingernails.

The earliest translation of the New Testament into an Egyptian Coptic version — the Sahidic of the late 2nd century — uses the Alexandrian text as a Greek base ; although other 2nd and 3rd century translations — into Old Latin and Syriac tend rather to conform to the Western text-type.

Some costumes that are worn without hesitation by Japanese cosplayers tend to be avoided by Western cosplayers, such as outfits that evoke Nazi uniforms.

Western honey bees show several nest-site preferences: the height above ground is usually between and, entrance positions tend to face downward, Equatorial-facing entrances are favored, and nest sites over from the parent colony are preferred.

As many saw it was un-Islamic and was seen as a forced approach to Western culture in Afghan society as many tribal societies in Afghanistan tend to be conservative.

As contrasted to theories of ethics that derive from dispute resolution, or the meta-ethics as defined in Western moral philosophy, ethical traditions emphasizing abstract moral codes expressed in some language with some judgmental hierarchy, ethical relationship theories tend to emphasize human development.

Proponents of " Asian values ", who tend to support Asian-style authoritarian governments claim they are more appropriate for the region than Western democracy.

The bushmeat trade refers to the sale of any wild species, though Western sources tend to focus on the trade specifically involving great apes.

It has been pointed out, however, that the positive characteristics of these characters tend to be such features as relatively light complexions, Western educations, and general usefulness to our ( white ) hero and his friends and allies.

Western dialects of Persian show greater influence from Arabic and Oghuz Turkic languages, while Dari and Tajiki tend to preserve many classical features in grammar and vocabulary.

Many on the Christian Left ( not only Christian Communists ) additionally make the point that the modern notion of " private property rights " based on law, was developed in Western Europe and was unknown to the Native American tribes at the time of the Christian conquest ; and that to equate " property rights " with God thus would tend to impart " divine status " to genocide and land theft.