When paper became generally available, from the 14th century onwards, artists ' drawings, both preparatory studies and finished works, became increasingly common.

The argument that school vouchers increases quality and efficiencies in schools forced to compete is supported by studies such as " When Schools Compete: The Effects of Vouchers on Florida Public School Achievement " ( Manhattan Institute for Policy Research's, 2003 ), which concluded that public schools located near private schools that were eligible to accept voucher students made significantly more improvements than did similar schools not located near eligible private schools.

For instance, in two studies by the American Mosaic Project, racial inequality in the United States was framed as either “ Black Disadvantage ” or “ White Privilege .” When the term “ black disadvantage ” was used to describe racial inequality, white participants felt less collectively responsible for the harm done to the out-group, which lessened collective guilt.

When all 133 studies deemed suitable in light of this consideration were re-analyzed, providing data for over 6, 000 patients, the findings suggest an average improvement in 27 % of untreated patients over the term of the studies compared with a 74 % success rate among those receiving hypnotherapy.

When researchers look for an organism to use in their studies, they look for several traits.

When his uncle Kemal Reis died in 1511 ( his ship was wrecked by a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, while he was heading to Egypt ), Piri returned to Gelibolu, where he started working on his studies about navigation.

When anthropologists David J. Daegling and Daniel O. Schmitt examined the film, they concluded it was impossible to conclusively determine if the subject in the film is nonhuman, and additionally argued that flaws in the studies by Krantz and others invalidated their claims.

When RA is clinically suspected, immunological studies are required, such as testing for the presence of rheumatoid factor ( RF, a non-specific antibody ).

When Campi moved to another city, Anguissola continued her studies with painter Bernardino Gatti ( known as Il Sojaro ).

When experimental studies are impossible and only pre-existing data are available, as is usually the case for example in economics, regression analysis can be used.

When tested against liver and colon cancer cells in laboratory studies, ' Western Yellow ', pungent yellow ( New York Bold ) and shallots were most effective in inhibiting their growth.

When his older brother Ezekiel's studies required Webster's support, the young man resigned from the law office and worked as a schoolteacher — as young men often did then, when public education consisted largely of subsidies to local schoolmasters.

When thyroid disease runs in the family, the physician should be particularly wary ; studies of twins suggest genetic factors account for 79 % of the liability to the development of Graves ’ disease ( whereas environmental factors presumably account for the remainder ).

When he was not promoted to the varsity football team in his sophomore year, Rose was dejected and lost interest in his studies.

When studies were first made of the stars ' proper motions, it was found that they are all moving in the same direction across the sky, at the same rate, further demonstrating that they were related.

When the case studies were shown to be fictional, subjects ' belief in a link diminished, but around half of the original effect remained.

When the gemstones are in a rough state, the gemologist studies the external structure ; the host rock and mineral association ; and natural and polished colour.

When studying the whole molluscan animal is included as well as studying the shell, then the study is known as malacology ; a person who studies mollusks is known as a malacologist.

When studies indicated the proposed jetport would create of raw sewage a day and of jet engine pollutants a year, the project met staunch opposition.

When Kamprad was 17, his father gave him a cash reward for succeeding in his studies.

When a low, near-circular orbit around a body with substantial gravity ( as is required for many scientific studies ) is needed, the total required velocity changes can be on the order of several kilometers per second.

When Winston departed for Ireland the following year, John enrolled at the Dublin Free School ; but by 1664, following his father's recall to the position of Junior Clerk Comptroller of the King's Household at Whitehall, John had transferred his studies to St Paul's School in London.

When his sister died, he gave up that position and returned to Constantinople to resume his studies.

When Fosdick showed the letter to Baker his negative response was: `` For God's sake, Raymond, don't show this to the President or he'll stop the war ''.

When he showed this model as his `` solution '' as to how the Howe sewing machine operated, he was told he was `` wrong '', and discovered to his amazement that the Howe Machine, which was unknown to him in detail, used two threads while the one that he had perfected used only one.

When disaggregated, only petroleum and non-petroleum groupings showed different results: a country with relatively low levels of dependence on petroleum exports is at slightly less risk, while a high-level of dependence on oil as an export results in slightly more risk of a civil war than national dependence on another primary commodity.

When asked about the " DK " logo in an interview, Jello Biafra explained, "... I wanted to make sure it was something simple and easy to spray-paint so people would graffiti it all over the place, and then I showed it to Winston Smith.

When he showed the film to people they praised the actor's acting — the hunger in his face when he saw the soup, the delight in the child, and the grief when looking at the dead woman.

When he captured her with his ice powers, she telepathically showed him his insecurities.

When Ivan showed a film with a naked woman Stalin shouted: " Are you making a brothel here Bolshakov?

When viewed by zoologists and professors of natural history it was concluded that it showed a seal, possibly a grey seal.

" When Stalin showed signs of consciousness, Beria dropped to his knees and kissed his hand.

When Powell showed illustrations of various animals, both alive and extinct, to natives, they generally suggested that the Diplodocus was the closest match to " n ' yamala ".

When compared to the opioids hydromorphone, fentanyl, oxycodone, and pethidine / meperidine, former addicts showed a strong preference for heroin and morphine, suggesting that heroin and morphine are particularly susceptible to abuse and addiction.

When they gave blood and urine samples the methadone showed up in some individuals samples as much as four weeks after it was not evident in other individuals samples.

When Mach 3 attempted to move most of the operating system into user-space, the overhead became higher still: benchmarks between Mach and Ultrix on a MIPS R3000 showed a performance hit as great as 67 % on some workloads.

When the smell of rosemary was pumped into cubicles where people were working, they showed improved memory, though with slower recall.

When he returned to New York in 1870, he showed his material to Fleming.

When a cannon was fired, it partially disarmed the ship, so needlessly firing a cannon showed respect and trust.

When Nintendo revealed the Nintendo GameCube on August 24, 2000, the day before Nintendo's SpaceWorld 2000 exposition, a software demonstration showed a realistically styled real-time duel between Ganondorf and Link.

When Joan died during her first childbirth, Jesus College showed its regard for Cranmer by reinstating his fellowship.

" When Walter Hooper asked Lewis where he found the word ' Narnia ', Lewis showed him Murray's Small Classical Atlas, ed. G. B.

When the early months of the Korean War showed how poorly prepared the Defense Department was, Truman fired Secretary Louis A. Johnson and named Marshall as Secretary of Defense in September 1950.

When his calculations showed that the manholes on telephone routes were sufficiently close together to be able to insert the loading coils without the expense of either having to dig up the route or lay in new cables he changed to this new plan.

When the general in command of the Verdun sector showed up to inspect Fort Douaumont in January 1916, he was refused entry because he did not carry the necessary authorizations emanating from Paris.

When the experimenters showed the body-dissatisfied participants the positive body their body satisfaction increased.

When the " Red Chinese " showed photographs of downed U. S. UAVs via Wide World Photos, the official U. S. response was, " no comment.

When Boschert conducted her research, major auto makers showed little interest in large orders for large-format NiMH batteries.