" When the Frankish bishops still insisted the abbot was wrong in obedience to St. Patrick's canon, he laid the question before the Pope St. Gregory I.

* When Flandria appeared in the 8th century, it was a Frankish fief centred on Bruges.

When the siege had started, Saladin was unwilling to promise terms of quarter to the Frankish inhabitants of Jerusalem until Balian of Ibelin threatened to kill every Muslim hostage, estimated at 5000, and to destroy Islam's holy shrines of the Dome of the Rock and the al-Aqsa Mosque if quarter was not given.

When the Frankish Carolingian Empire broke up in 888, Wiesbaden was in the eastern half, called East Francia ( which would evolve into the Holy Roman Empire ).

When the Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism, the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops.

When the Carolingians acceded to the Frankish throne, the town preserved the good-will of the rulers as it had long been a base of their family and their primal ancestors ; Saint Arnuff and Chlodulf had been bishops of Metz.

When in the 10th century Saxon kings ( of the Ottonian dynasty ) replaced the Frankish kings in East Francia ( the later Holy Roman Empire ), these kings proudly claimed descent from Widukind: Matilda, the wife of King Henry I, was apparently a great-great-great-granddaughter of Widukind.

When the popes switched to the Frankish support, Viterbo became part of the Papal States, but this status was to be highly contested by the emperors in the following centuries, until in 1095 it is known it was a free comune.

When in November 887 Arnulf of Carinthia called a council of the East Frankish nobility to depose Charles the Fat, who had succeeded to all the kingdoms of the Empire by 884, the Lotharingians were one of those who joined him.

When Saladin arrived from the taking of Tiberias, and after the Frankish army left Turan, the Muslims began their attack in earnest.

When the Frankish Empire was divided up among the three sons of Louis the Pious in 843, Speyer fell under the reign of Louis the German who was given the eastern Frankish territories, East Francia, which was to become the Kingdom of Germany.

When Pepin died in 714, however, the Frankish realm plunged into civil war and the dukes of the outlying provinces became de facto independent.

When Clotaire I died in 561, his kingdom was divided, in accordance with Frankish custom, among his four sons: Sigebert became king of the northeastern portion, known as Austrasia, with its capital at Rheims, to which he added further territory on the death of his brother, Charibert, in 567 or 568 ; Charibert himself had received the kingdom centred on Paris ; Guntram received the Kingdom of Burgundy with its capital at Orléans ; and the youngest son, the aforementiond Chilperic, received Soissons, which became Neustria when he received his share of Charibert's kingdom.

When Rigunth was sent off to her Visigothic fiancé in Spain Reccared, son of Liuvigild, her entourage was so laden with rich gifts that the Frankish nobles objected, that the royal fisc had been depleted.

When the Frankish kingdom in the west was divided along the boundary of the Saône and Meuse ( neatly dividing geographical Burgundy in the process ), Guerin was rewarded for his services by the king by being granted the administration of the Counties of Chalon and Nevers, in which he was by custom expected to appoint Viscounts to rule as his deputies.

When the County formed the border with the Muslim Kingdom, the Frankish title Marquis was chosen.

When Dagobert II died in 679, he received Austrasia as well and became king of the whole Frankish realm.

When the Roman generals Magnus Maximus, Nanninus and Quintinus heard the news in Trier, they attacked those remaining Frankish forces and killed many of them.

When he died, the Frankish realm was divided into four kingdoms, one for each of his sons.

When Clotaire died in 561, the Frankish realm was divided into three kingdoms, one for each son.

When Caesarea was captured by the crusaders from the Muslims in 1101, the Frankish community vastly increased in size and a Latin archbishop was established.

When that monarch attempted to assassinate him, Pronimius then fled back to Gaul, and eventually made his way to the court of the Frankish king Childebert, who then appointed Pronimius bishop of Vence.

When the Germanic peoples entered the Roman Empire and founded successor-kingdoms in the western part, most had been Arian Christians for more than a century.

When the Emperor Henry I died on 11 July 1216, Andrew was planning to acquire the imperial throne, but the barons of the Latin Empire proclaimed his father-in-law, Peter of Courtenay their emperor.

When the Western Roman Empire was starting to disintegrate, Augustine developed the concept of the Catholic Church as a spiritual City of God ( in a book of the same name ), distinct from the material Earthly City.

When Thomas Hobbes wrote that " the Papacy is no other than the ghost of the deceased Roman Empire sitting crowned upon the grave thereof ", he was promulgating an enormously important truth.

When the Roman Empire turned Christian during the following century, this imagery came to be used in a more metaphysical sense, and removed legal impediments to the development and public use of the Anno Domini dating system, which came into general use during the reign of Charlemagne.

When the revolt broke out, it was supported by intellectuals, the army, and almost all the ethnic minorities of the Empire, and forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to re-adopt the long defunct Ottoman constitution of 1877, ushering in the Second Constitutional Era.

When the English finally regained control of New Netherland they forced, as a punishment unique in the history of the British Empire, the English common law upon all the colonists, including the Dutch.

When India became part of the British Empire, there was a break in tradition, and Hindu and Islamic law were supplanted by the common law.

When the Babylonian Empire empire was absorbed into the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the name " Chaldean " lost its meaning as the name of a race of men, and came to be applied only to a social class.

When Hungary was given self-government in 1867, the non-Hungarian portions were called the Empire of Austria and were officially known as the " Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council ( Reichsrat )".

When Theodosius died, in January 395, Honorius and Arcadius divided the Empire, so that Honorius became Western Roman Emperor at the age of ten.

When the great crisis of 1914 arrived, it had only two weak allies ( Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire ) left.

When the governing of the Empire became too cumbersome for a single Emperor, the empire was divided by the emperor Diocletian into the Western and Eastern empires.

When the German Empire was established in 1871, the Junker nobility controlled the army and the Navy, the bureaucracy, and the royal court ; they generally set governmental policies.

When Bohemians rebelled against the Emperor, the immediate result was the series of conflicts known as the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 48 ), which devastated the Empire.

When Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Mediterranean sea began to be called Mare Nostrum ( Latin: " Our Sea ") by the Romans.

When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in AD 395, Illyria east of the Drinus River ( Drina between Bosnia and Serbia ), including the lands that now form Albania, were administered by the Eastern Empire but were ecclesiastically dependent on Rome.

When the Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395, the territories of modern Albania became part of the Byzantine Empire.

When the Byzantines managed to conquer the First Bulgarian Empire the fortresses in eastern Albania were some of the last Bulgarian strongholds to be submitted by the Byzantines.

When the Arab armies appeared in Khorāsān in the 650s AD, Herāt was counted among the twelve capital towns of the Sasanian Empire.

When World War I began, Ribbentrop left Canada ( which, as part of the British Empire, was at war with Germany ) for the neutral United States.