When the revolt broke out, it was supported by intellectuals, the army, and almost all the ethnic minorities of the Empire, and forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to re-adopt the long defunct Ottoman constitution of 1877, ushering in the Second Constitutional Era.

When the Byzantine forces saw the entire Ottoman army get on their knees to pray, the Byzantine army was witnessing how united the Ottoman Turks were and this worried them.

When the great crisis of 1914 arrived, it had only two weak allies ( Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire ) left.

When Kuwait became independent in 1961, Iraq claimed Kuwait, under the rationale that Kuwait had been part of the Ottoman Empire subject to Iraqi suzerainty.

When gunpowder was introduced, the Ottoman Turks of the Ottoman Empire hired the mercenaries that used the gunpowder weapons and obtained their instruction for the Janissaries.

When he refused to support the Ottoman Vali ( Governor ) of Basra, Kubad Pasha, in another campaign against the Portuguese in the northern Persian Gulf, Piri Reis was publicly beheaded in 1554 or 1555.

When the Venetians called for help in Crete against the Ottoman Turks, the Pope extracted in return a promise that the Jesuits should be permitted back in Venetian territory, from which they had been expelled in 1606.

When the Ottoman Empire surrendered in 1918, the United Kingdom refused to keep to the letter of its arrangements with Hussein, and the two nations assumed guardianship of Mesapotamia, Lebanon, Palestine and what became modern Syria.

When the Kanun laws attained their final form, the code of laws became known as the kanun ‐ i Osmani, or the " Ottoman laws ".

Indeed, such was the perceived threat of the Ottoman Empire under the reign of Suleiman that ambassador Busbecq warned of Europe's imminent conquest: " On Turks ' side are the resources of a mighty empire, strength unimpaired, habituation to victory, endurance of toil, unity, discipline, frugality and watchfulness ... Can we doubt what the result will be ?... When the Turks have settled with Persia, they will fly at our throats supported by the might of the whole East ; how unprepared we are I dare not say.

When his army surrendered, Charles XII of Sweden and a few soldiers escaped to Ottoman territory, founding a colony in front of Bender, Moldova.

Source material tells us on Montagu ; " When Lady Mary was in the Ottoman Empire, she discovered the local practice of inoculation against smallpox called variolation.

When the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453, the Patriarchate ceased to function.

When the Byzantine Empire broke up ( 1204 ), Acarnania passed to the Despotate of Epirus and in 1480 to the Ottoman Empire.

When, under the Treaty of Berlin ( 1878 ), Bulgaria became an autonomous principality under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, the Tsar recommended his nephew to the Bulgarians as a candidate for the newly-created throne, and the Grand National Assembly unanimously elected Prince Alexander as Prince of Bulgaria ( 29 April 1879 ).

When he was opposed by France, he turned to other schemes of alliance with the Russian Empire for the partition of the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.

When the knights ' charge was finished, light Ottoman cavalry and light infantry counter-attacked and the Serbian heavy armour became a disadvantage.

When Yakub arrived, he was strangled to death, leaving Bayezid as the sole heir to the Ottoman throne.

When Austria – Hungary found themselves at war in August 1914 with the rival Triple Entente ( Britain, France, and the latter's ally, Russia ), Italy pledged to support the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and later the Ottoman Empire ( Turkey ).

When a Christian boy was recruited under devşirme system, first he would be sent to selected Turkish families in the provinces to learn to speak Turkish, rules of Islam and customs and culture of Ottoman society.

When Selim III came to the throne in 1789, an ambitious effort of military reform was launched, geared towards securing the Ottoman Empire.

When they had requested French help, a young artillery officer by the name of Napoleon Bonaparte was to be sent to Constantinople in 1795 to help organize Ottoman artillery.

When the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers, Britain renounced the agreement and all Turkish claims over Cyprus and declared the island a British colony.

When Sultan Murad V began to show signs of paranoia, madness and continuous fainting and vomiting even on the day of his coronation and threw himself into a pool yelling at his guards to protect his life, they were afraid the public would become outraged and revolt to bring the former Sultan back.

When he refused, the Sultan instantly ordered the decapitation of Notaras, together with that of his son and his son-in-law ; and their three heads … were placed on the banqueting table before him ”.

When that claimant became Sultan, he kept hold of Gwadar, installing a governor, who eventually led an army to conquer the city of Chabahar some 200 kilometres to the west.

When Sultan Sa ' id bin Sultan Al-Busaid died in 1856, his sons quarreled over the succession.

When Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said assumed power in 1970, Oman had limited contacts with the outside world, including neighbouring Arab states.

When his young son Mehmed died in 1543, he composed a moving chronogram to commemorate the year: Peerless among princes, my Sultan Mehmed.

When the Sultan learned of this, he rejoiced greatly and ordered the place to be swept and sprinkled and the Western Wall washed with rosewater ...”

When the Jacobin Club of Mysore sent a delegation to Tipu Sultan, 500 rockets were launched as part of the gun salute.

When the Sultan refused, Muhammad Ali sent an army under Ibrahim into Syria in 1831.

When the former Seljuk Sultan Kaykaus II was arrested in the Byzantine Empire, his younger brother Kayqubad II appealed to Berke.

When he was brought before Murad, Obilić pulled out a hidden dagger and killed the Sultan by stabbing him in the neck and heart.

When the Mongol Empire's troops of Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad in 1258 and advanced towards Syria, Mamluk Emir Baibars (, Circassian: Bipars, a common Circassian name which means the frontier defending warrior ) left Damascus for Cairo where he was welcomed by Sultan Qutuz.

When the Sultan of Zanzibar protested, since he claimed to be ruler on the mainland as well, German chancellor Otto von Bismarck sent five warships, which arrived on 7 August and trained their guns on the Sultan's palace.

When ibn Mardanīsh died in 1172 AD, ‘ Ali ibn Muḥammad swiftly shifted his allegiance to the Almohad Sultan, Abū Ya ’ qūb Yūsuf I, and became one of his military advisers.

When Sultan Mehmed II Fatih ( 1451-1481 ) conquered Constantinople on May 29, 1453, he claimed the title Kaysar-i-Rûm " Emperor of Rome " and proclaimed himself the protector of the Orthodox Church.

When the Mongols were defeated at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, Baibars, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, began to threaten Antioch, which ( as a vassal of the Armenians ) had supported the Mongols.

When news arrived that the Mongols had crossed the Jordan River, Sultan Qutuz and his forces then proceeded southeast toward the spring at Ain Jalut in the Jezreel Valley.

When Sharif Ghalib Efendi informed Sultan Mahmud II of this, the Sultan ordered his Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali Pasha to retake the city.

When the rest of the convoy reached the Butterworth ferry, they discovered that the Sultan was not with them.

When Nasr died in 1098, Usama's other uncle, Sultan, succeeded him, rather than Murshid, who was the older sibling.