When the revolt broke out, it was supported by intellectuals, the army, and almost all the ethnic minorities of the Empire, and forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to re-adopt the long defunct Ottoman constitution of 1877, ushering in the Second Constitutional Era.

When the Byzantine forces saw the entire Ottoman army get on their knees to pray, the Byzantine army was witnessing how united the Ottoman Turks were and this worried them.

When the great crisis of 1914 arrived, it had only two weak allies ( Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire ) left.

When Kuwait became independent in 1961, Iraq claimed Kuwait, under the rationale that Kuwait had been part of the Ottoman Empire subject to Iraqi suzerainty.

When gunpowder was introduced, the Ottoman Turks of the Ottoman Empire hired the mercenaries that used the gunpowder weapons and obtained their instruction for the Janissaries.

When he refused to support the Ottoman Vali ( Governor ) of Basra, Kubad Pasha, in another campaign against the Portuguese in the northern Persian Gulf, Piri Reis was publicly beheaded in 1554 or 1555.

When the Venetians called for help in Crete against the Ottoman Turks, the Pope extracted in return a promise that the Jesuits should be permitted back in Venetian territory, from which they had been expelled in 1606.

When the Kanun laws attained their final form, the code of laws became known as the kanun ‐ i Osmani, or the " Ottoman laws ".

Indeed, such was the perceived threat of the Ottoman Empire under the reign of Suleiman that ambassador Busbecq warned of Europe's imminent conquest: " On Turks ' side are the resources of a mighty empire, strength unimpaired, habituation to victory, endurance of toil, unity, discipline, frugality and watchfulness ... Can we doubt what the result will be ?... When the Turks have settled with Persia, they will fly at our throats supported by the might of the whole East ; how unprepared we are I dare not say.

When his army surrendered, Charles XII of Sweden and a few soldiers escaped to Ottoman territory, founding a colony in front of Bender, Moldova.

Source material tells us on Montagu ; " When Lady Mary was in the Ottoman Empire, she discovered the local practice of inoculation against smallpox called variolation.

When the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453, the Patriarchate ceased to function.

When the Byzantine Empire broke up ( 1204 ), Acarnania passed to the Despotate of Epirus and in 1480 to the Ottoman Empire.

When, under the Treaty of Berlin ( 1878 ), Bulgaria became an autonomous principality under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, the Tsar recommended his nephew to the Bulgarians as a candidate for the newly-created throne, and the Grand National Assembly unanimously elected Prince Alexander as Prince of Bulgaria ( 29 April 1879 ).

When he was opposed by France, he turned to other schemes of alliance with the Russian Empire for the partition of the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.

When the knights ' charge was finished, light Ottoman cavalry and light infantry counter-attacked and the Serbian heavy armour became a disadvantage.

When Yakub arrived, he was strangled to death, leaving Bayezid as the sole heir to the Ottoman throne.

When Austria – Hungary found themselves at war in August 1914 with the rival Triple Entente ( Britain, France, and the latter's ally, Russia ), Italy pledged to support the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and later the Ottoman Empire ( Turkey ).

When a Christian boy was recruited under devşirme system, first he would be sent to selected Turkish families in the provinces to learn to speak Turkish, rules of Islam and customs and culture of Ottoman society.

When Selim III came to the throne in 1789, an ambitious effort of military reform was launched, geared towards securing the Ottoman Empire.

When they had requested French help, a young artillery officer by the name of Napoleon Bonaparte was to be sent to Constantinople in 1795 to help organize Ottoman artillery.

When the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers, Britain renounced the agreement and all Turkish claims over Cyprus and declared the island a British colony.

When the Germanic peoples entered the Roman Empire and founded successor-kingdoms in the western part, most had been Arian Christians for more than a century.

When the Emperor Henry I died on 11 July 1216, Andrew was planning to acquire the imperial throne, but the barons of the Latin Empire proclaimed his father-in-law, Peter of Courtenay their emperor.

When the Western Roman Empire was starting to disintegrate, Augustine developed the concept of the Catholic Church as a spiritual City of God ( in a book of the same name ), distinct from the material Earthly City.

When Thomas Hobbes wrote that " the Papacy is no other than the ghost of the deceased Roman Empire sitting crowned upon the grave thereof ", he was promulgating an enormously important truth.

When the Roman Empire turned Christian during the following century, this imagery came to be used in a more metaphysical sense, and removed legal impediments to the development and public use of the Anno Domini dating system, which came into general use during the reign of Charlemagne.

When the English finally regained control of New Netherland they forced, as a punishment unique in the history of the British Empire, the English common law upon all the colonists, including the Dutch.

When India became part of the British Empire, there was a break in tradition, and Hindu and Islamic law were supplanted by the common law.

When the Babylonian Empire empire was absorbed into the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the name " Chaldean " lost its meaning as the name of a race of men, and came to be applied only to a social class.

When Hungary was given self-government in 1867, the non-Hungarian portions were called the Empire of Austria and were officially known as the " Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council ( Reichsrat )".

When Theodosius died, in January 395, Honorius and Arcadius divided the Empire, so that Honorius became Western Roman Emperor at the age of ten.

When the governing of the Empire became too cumbersome for a single Emperor, the empire was divided by the emperor Diocletian into the Western and Eastern empires.

When the Frankish Empire was divided among Charlemagne's heirs in 843, the eastern part became East Francia.

When the German Empire was established in 1871, the Junker nobility controlled the army and the Navy, the bureaucracy, and the royal court ; they generally set governmental policies.

When Bohemians rebelled against the Emperor, the immediate result was the series of conflicts known as the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 48 ), which devastated the Empire.

When Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Mediterranean sea began to be called Mare Nostrum ( Latin: " Our Sea ") by the Romans.

When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in AD 395, Illyria east of the Drinus River ( Drina between Bosnia and Serbia ), including the lands that now form Albania, were administered by the Eastern Empire but were ecclesiastically dependent on Rome.

When the Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395, the territories of modern Albania became part of the Byzantine Empire.

When the Byzantines managed to conquer the First Bulgarian Empire the fortresses in eastern Albania were some of the last Bulgarian strongholds to be submitted by the Byzantines.

When the Arab armies appeared in Khorāsān in the 650s AD, Herāt was counted among the twelve capital towns of the Sasanian Empire.

When World War I began, Ribbentrop left Canada ( which, as part of the British Empire, was at war with Germany ) for the neutral United States.