: When comparing the above illustration to the below text, please note that the above x: y aspect ratio values are shown as vertical orientation rectangles to better demonstrate visual differences, whereas the aspect ratio values of the text below are written as rotated horizontal orientation rectangles ( e. g. compare 3: 4 vertical orientation illustration to 4: 3 horizontal orientation text ).

( When measured in decibels it is logarithmically related to the power ratio: G ( dB )= 10 log ( P < sub > out </ sub > /( P < sub > in </ sub >)).

When the piston has moved up to the top of its stroke inside the cylinder, and the remaining volume inside the head or combustion chamber has been reduced to 100 cc, then the compression ratio would be proportionally described as 1000: 100, or with fractional reduction, a 10: 1 compression ratio.

When U and V are two independent normally distributed random variables with expected value 0 and variance 1, then the ratio U / V has the standard Cauchy distribution.

When the uncompressed data rate is known, the compression ratio can be inferred from the compressed data rate.

When it comes to contrast ratio, AMOLED display still performs best due to its underlying technology, where the black levels are displayed as pitch black and not as dark gray.

When two or more elements combined to form a compound, their masses are always in a fixed and definite ratio.

When heavy, wet snow with a snow-water equivalent ( SWE ) ratio of between 6: 1 and 12: 1 ( in extreme cases, as heavy as 4: 1 ) and a weight in excess of 10 pounds per square foot (~ 50 kg / m < sup > 2 </ sup >) piles onto trees or electricity lines – particularly if the trees have full leaves or are not adapted to snow – significant damage may occur on a scale usually associated with hurricanes.

When groups of wildebeest join together, the female to male ratio is larger, as the females flock to the areas held by fewer males.

When distributions are made the taxable portion of the distribution will be calculated as the ratio of the non-Roth contributions to the total 401 ( k ) basis.

When this wave reaches the source, it adds to the transmitted wave and the ratio of the voltage and current at the input to the line will no longer be the characteristic impedance.

When the image rejection ratio is measured, the input signal levels of the desired and image frequencies must be equal for the measurement to be meaningful.

When a measurement is digitised, the number of bits used to represent the measurement determines the maximum possible signal-to-noise ratio.

When the input is a pure sine wave, the measurement is most commonly the ratio of the sum of the powers of all higher harmonic frequencies to the power at the first harmonic, or fundamental, frequency:

When the light or other wave involved is monochromatic, that is, of a single frequency, Snell's law can also be expressed in terms of a ratio of wavelengths in the two media, λ < sub > 1 </ sub > and λ < sub > 2 </ sub >:

: When atoms combine in only one ratio, ".. it must be presumed to be a binary one, unless some cause appear to the contrary ".

When the logarithm of the likelihood ratio is used, the statistic is known as a log-likelihood ratio statistic, and the probability distribution of this test statistic, assuming that the null model is true, can be approximated using Wilks ' theorem.

When this goal is met, the accumulated measurement uncertainty of all of the standards involved is considered to be insignificant when the final measurement is also made with the 4: 1 ratio.

When the temperature stays near the threshold during the temperature sensitive period, the sex ratio is varied between the two sexes.

When the plant is younger, the ratio of scopolamine to atropine is approximately 3: 1 ; after flowering, this ratio is reversed, with the amount of scopolamine continuing to decrease as the plant gets older.

When a ratio is reduced to a simpler form, such as 10: 15 to 2: 3, this may be expressed with a double colon as 10: 15 :: 2: 3 ; this would be read " 10 is to 15 as 2 is to 3 ".

When there are only two means to compare, the t-test and the ANOVA F-test are equivalent ; the relation between ANOVA and t is given by F = t < sup > 2 </ sup >.

When the volume of an alcoholic drink is shown in centilitres, determining the number of units in a drink is as simple as < var > volume </ var > × < var > percentage </ var > ( converted into a fraction of 1 ).

When fully implemented, CAIR will reduce SO < sub > 2 </ sub > emissions in 28 eastern states and the District of Columbia by over 70 percent and NOx emissions by over 60 percent from 2003 levels.

When clouds are present, the loss rate of SO < sub > 2 </ sub > is faster than can be explained by gas phase chemistry alone.

When certain ionic compounds containing bromine are mixed with potassium permanganate ( KMnO < sub > 4 </ sub >) and an acidic substance, they will form a pale brown cloud of bromine gas.

According to the theorem, it is possible to expand the power ( x + y )< sup > n </ sup > into a sum involving terms of the form ax < sup > b </ sup > y < sup > c </ sup >, where the exponents b and c are nonnegative integers with, and the coefficient a of each term is a specific positive integer depending on n and b. When an exponent is zero, the corresponding power is usually omitted from the term.

When the functions J < sub > n </ sub >( x ) are plotted on the same graph, though, none of the zeros seem to coincide for different values of n except for the zero at x = 0.

When the rate of bone formation exceeds the rate of bone resorption, soft tissue < sup > 44 </ sup > Ca /< sup > 40 </ sup > Ca rises.

When the partial pressure of is reduced, for example when a can of soda is opened, the equilibrium for each of the forms of carbonate ( carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid ) shifts until the concentration of in the solution is equal to the solubility of CO < sub > 2 </ sub > at that temperature and pressure.

When pH is too high, the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood is too low, so the kidneys excrete bicarbonate ( HCO < sub > 3 </ sub >< sup >−</ sup >).

When applied to the simplest two-electron molecule, H < sub > 2 </ sub >, valence bond theory, even at the simplest Heitler-London approach, gives a much closer approximation to the bond energy, and it provides a much more accurate representation of the behavior of the electrons as chemical bonds are formed and broken.

When this is done, the model radius still decreases with mass, but becomes zero at M < sub > limit </ sub >.

When the critical stress, F < sub > cr </ sub > ( F < sub > cr </ sub > =

When Newton's method is used to find the solution for the maximum likelihood estimate, the middle 24 % order statistics can be used as an initial solution for x < sub > 0 </ sub >.

When s < sup > 2 </ sup >− v < sup > 2 </ sup > is expanded using these expressions the result is

When the trajectory r ( t ) rotates an amount dθ, u < sub > ρ </ sub >, which points in the same direction as r ( t ), also rotates by dθ.

When Yellowstone Caldera last erupted some 650, 000 years ago, it released about 1, 000 km < sup > 3 </ sup > of material ( as measured in dense rock equivalent ( DRE )), covering a substantial part of North America in up to two metres of debris.

* When the metal atoms are hexagonal close packed, ( hcp ), as the octahedral interstices lie directly opposite each other on either side of the layer of metal atoms, filling only one of these with carbon achieves 2: 1 stoichiometry with the CdI < sub > 2 </ sub > structure.

When the DNS resolver gets a PTR ( reverse-lookup ) request, it begins by querying the root servers ( which point to The American Registry For Internet Numbers ' ( ARIN's ) servers for the < tt > 208. in-addr. arpa </ tt > zone ).

When heavy metals or radionuclides form their own pure colloids, the term " Eigencolloid " is used to designate pure phases, e. g., Tc ( OH )< sub > 4 </ sub >, U ( OH )< sub > 4 </ sub >, Am ( OH )< sub > 3 </ sub >.