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Page "Instrumental variable" ¶ 14
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When and x
: When comparing the above illustration to the below text, please note that the above x: y aspect ratio values are shown as vertical orientation rectangles to better demonstrate visual differences, whereas the aspect ratio values of the text below are written as rotated horizontal orientation rectangles ( e. g. compare 3: 4 vertical orientation illustration to 4: 3 horizontal orientation text ).
When the boot loader detected a CP / M floppy, the Aster would reconfigure its internal memory architecture on the fly to optimally support CP / M with 60 KB free RAM for programs ( TPA ) and an 80 x 25 display.
According to the theorem, it is possible to expand the power ( x + y )< sup > n </ sup > into a sum involving terms of the form ax < sup > b </ sup > y < sup > c </ sup >, where the exponents b and c are nonnegative integers with, and the coefficient a of each term is a specific positive integer depending on n and b. When an exponent is zero, the corresponding power is usually omitted from the term.
When α is an integer, the Bessel functions J are entire functions of x.
When the functions J < sub > n </ sub >( x ) are plotted on the same graph, though, none of the zeros seem to coincide for different values of n except for the zero at x = 0.
When g oscillates near a, then it might happen that no matter how close one gets to a, there is always an even closer x such that g ( x ) equals g ( a ).
When g ( x ) equals g ( a ), then the difference quotient for is zero because f ( g ( x )) equals f ( g ( a )), and the above product is zero because it equals f ′( g ( a )) times zero.
When Newton's method is used to find the solution for the maximum likelihood estimate, the middle 24 % order statistics can be used as an initial solution for x < sub > 0 </ sub >.
When a switch is pressed, it connects the corresponding x and y lines together.
When b is zero and A ≠ 0 the origin is an equilibrium ( or singular ) point of the flow, that is, if x < sub > 0 </ sub > = 0, then the orbit remains there.
When the eigenvalues of J are not in the unit circle, the dynamics near the fixed point x < sub > 0 </ sub > of F is called hyperbolic and when the eigenvalues are on the unit circle and complex, the dynamics is called elliptic.
When dealing with three or fewer variables, it is common to replace x < sub > 1 </ sub > with just x, x < sub > 2 </ sub > with y, and x < sub > 3 </ sub > with z, as appropriate.
When this is the case, and x < sub > 0 </ sub > is one solution of ( 1 ), then the set of all solutions is given by
When Mach was first being seriously used in the 2. x versions, performance was slower than traditional monolithic operating systems, perhaps as much as 25 %.
A number a is a root of P if and only if the polynomial x − a ( of degree one in x ) divides P. It may happen that x − a divides P more than once: if ( x − a )< sup > 2 </ sup > divides P then a is called a multiple root of P, and otherwise a is called a simple root of P. If P is a nonzero polynomial, there is a highest power m such that ( x − a )< sup > m </ sup > divides P, which is called the multiplicity of the root a in P. When P is the zero polynomial, the corresponding polynomial equation is trivial, and this case is usually excluded when considering roots: with the above definitions every number would be a root of the zero polynomial, with undefined ( or infinite ) multiplicity.

When and other
When these had been pocketed, we could still spend a morning cracking open other pebbles for our delight in seeing how much prettier they were inside than their dull exteriors indicated.
When we `` forced '' individuals to assume the corporate structure by means of taxes and other legal statutes, we adopted what I would term `` pseudo-capitalism '' and so took a major step toward socialism.
When he remembered that he might have not signed the check, Mercer made out another for the same amount, instructing the bank to destroy the other -- especially if he had happened to have absent-mindedly signed both of them.
When they stood about his tent, chaffing each other, exchanging their obscenities, cursing command or weather, he had studied their faces.
When Kate hurried in alarm to tell him to put it out, she saw other dots of flames among the western Virginia hills from the few scattered fires of the faithful.
When solving an equation that involves division as well as other steps, do all the division steps first to reduce those parts of the equation to their numerical value.
When did you last compare your present premium costs with the costs of insurance from other sources??
When this proposal was made, Stalin spoke with stronger emotion than at any other time during the Conference.
When a child fails to meet the standards of the school in his rate of learning, insecurity, unhappiness, and other forms of maladjustment frequently follow.
When I speculated on one such occasion that the new growth, like other mutations, might be unable to propagate, I was immediately accused of preaching racial prejudice.
When he was told that no one had seen Burton since then, he thought of three other places that were possibilities.
When this and other units combined to form the present group, it was taken on as a continuing fund-raiser.
`` When and if it can do so without jeopardizing constitutional and statutory tax-exemption privileges essential to the maintenance of its educational program and facilities, Emory University will consider applications of persons desiring to study or work at the University without regard to race, color or creed, continuing university policy that all applications shall be considered on the basis of intellectual and moral standards and other criteria designed to assure the orderly and effective conduct of the university and the fulfillment of its mission as an institution of Christian higher education ''.
When he found out the truth he sent his sister, Artemis, to kill Coronis ( in other stories, Apollo himself had killed Coronis ).
When on land, they mostly spend the day hidden under stones or logs or in dense vegetation, emerging in the evening and night to forage for worms, insects and other invertebrates.
When the atoms are relatively similar in size, the atom exchange method usually happens, where some of the atoms composing the metallic crystals are substituted with atoms of the other constituent.
When looking at variations it needs to be kept in mind that different groups of people do not always sign one way and not the other, rather they prefer and use a particular form of a sign more often.
When taken up into the human body from the diet, the 22 standard amino acids either are used to synthesize proteins and other biomolecules or are oxidized to urea and carbon dioxide as a source of energy.
When Title IV took effect in the early 1990s, it led to installation of public Teletypewriter ( TTY ) machines and other TDDs ( Telecommunications Device for the Deaf ).
When it comes to the 17th century and anagrams in English or other languages, there is a great deal of documented evidence of learned interest.
When the press expanded to current titles, they wrote some books themselves and employed other writers, including Erasmus.
116 .</ ref > When air condenses it becomes visible, as mist and then rain and other forms of precipitation, and as the condensed air cools Anaximenes supposed that it went on to form earth and ultimately stones.
When the other Latins subsequently occupied the empty town of Politorium, Ancus took the town again and demolished it.
When a specific allophone ( from a set of allophones that correspond to a phoneme ) must be selected in a given context ( i. e. using a different allophone for a phoneme will cause confusion or make the speaker sound non-native ), the allophones are said to be complementary ( i. e. the allophones complement each other, and one is not used in a situation where the usage of another is standard ).
When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Pittsburgh, Frick and other members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club gathered to form the Pittsburgh Relief Committee for assistance to the flood victims as well as determining never to speak publicly about the club or the flood.

When and causal
When we act in the world we really are acting with causal power.
# When sequence detection predates disease, or sequence copy number correlates with severity of disease or pathology, the sequence-disease association is more likely to be a causal relationship.
When considering pursuing a claim under delict, in Scots law, there are three criteria that have to be met ; firstly you have to establish that you were owed a duty of care, secondly you have to prove that that duty of care has been breached and lastly you have to show a causal link between the breach of care and the loss you have suffered.
When his grandson began to show the signs of autism shortly after receiving inoculations, Burton inferred the relationship to be causal: " My only grandson became autistic right before my eyes – shortly after receiving his federally recommended and state-mandated vaccines.
When SOD first appeared in the USA, many other pathogens and conditions were blamed before P. ramorum was found to be the causal agent.
When the researcher may confidently attribute the observed changes or differences in the dependent variable to the independent variable, and when he can rule out other explanations ( or rival hypotheses ), then his causal inference is said to be internally valid.

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