Whereas most gamebooks and Role-Playing Games involve the use of dice to create randomness, the Skyfall series adopted a system of coin tosses.

Whereas the term peninsula technically refers to the entire geographical San Franciscan Peninsula, in local jargon, " The Peninsula " does not include the city of San Francisco.

Whereas encryption usually refers to operations carried out in the digital domain, scrambling usually refers to operations carried out in the analog domain.

Whereas the term chess puzzle refers broadly to any puzzle involving aspects of chess, a chess problem is an orthodox puzzle ( see below ) in which one must play and win or draw a game, starting with a certain composition of pieces on the chess board, and playing within the standard rules of chess.

Whereas atman refers to the self, jiva refers to the living being, the exact comprehension of which varies throughout the philosophical schools.

Whereas, however, these are typically nonmagnetic, here the " glass property " refers essentially to the magnetic properties only, i. e. to the spin structure only.

Whereas the undiscovered country referred to in Hamlet ( and its intended meaning in The Wrath of Khan ) refers to death, Star Trek VIs use of the phrase refers to a future where Klingons and humans coexist in peace.

Whereas ' economies of scale ' for a firm primarily refers to reductions in average cost ( cost per unit ) associated with increasing the scale of production for a single product type, ' economies of scope ' refers to lowering average cost for a firm in producing two or more products.

Whereas philately is concerned with the study of the stamps per se, including the technical aspects of stamp production and distribution, philatelic postal history refers to stamps as historical documents ; similarly re postmarks, postcards, envelopes and the letters they contain.

Whereas onomatopoeia refers to the use of words to imitate actual sounds, there are languages known for having a special class of words that " imitate " soundless states or events, called phenomimes ( when they describe external phenomena ) and psychomimes ( when they describe psychological states ).

Whereas intelligence quotient sees intelligence as being a single measurable characteristic affecting all mental ability, aptitude refers to one of many different characteristics which can be independent of each other, such as aptitude for military flight, air traffic control, or computer programming.

Whereas animism tends to view life as taking the form of discrete spirits, and panpsychism tends to refer to strictly philosophical views like that of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, hylozoism refers largely to views such as those of the earliest Greek philosophers ( 6th and 5th centuries BC ), who treated the magnet as alive because of its attractive powers ( Thales ), or air as divine ( Anaximenes ), perhaps because of its apparently spontaneous power of movement, or because of its role as essential for life in animals.

Whereas Revenue Management involves predicting consumer behavior by segmenting markets, forecasting demand, and optimizing prices for several different types of products, Yield Management refers specifically to maximizing revenue through inventory control.

Whereas formerly the trivial name " mycoplasma " has commonly denoted any member of the class Mollicutes, nowadays it refers exclusively to a member of the genus Mycoplasma.

Whereas capability refers to the real options that someone has in order to pursue his subjective functionings who prefers most.

Whereas the original wording made reference to rights acquired " by way of land claim settlement ," the current version refers to rights that " now exist by way of land claims agreements or may be so acquired.

Whereas the AMD K6-III + topped out at 570 MHz due to its short pipeline, even when built on the 180 nm process, the Athlon was capable of clocking much higher.

Whereas a scalar CPU must complete the entire process of fetching, decoding, and executing each instruction and value in a set of data, a vector CPU can perform a single operation on a comparatively large set of data with one instruction.

Whereas the acquisition of craft skills required experience-based learning, he argues that this process necessitated many years in apprenticeship.

Whereas the placing and arming of mines is relatively inexpensive and simple, the process of detecting and removing them is typically expensive, slow, and dangerous.

Whereas originally the term Navigation applies to the process of directing a ship to a destination, Navigation research deals with fundamental aspects of navigation in general.

Whereas the STAR would read and process the same memory five times to apply five vector operations on a set of data, it would be much faster to read the data into the CPU's registers once, and then apply the five operations.

Whereas authentication is the process of verifying that " you are who you say you are ", authorization is the process of verifying that " you are permitted to do what you are trying to do ".

Whereas a third party logistics ( 3PL ) service provider targets a function, a 4PL targets management of the entire process.

Whereas social identity theory was directed initially at the explanation of intergroup conflict in the absence of any conflict of interests, self-categorization theory was developed to explain how individuals come to to perceive themselves as members of a group in the first place, and how this self-grouping process underlies and determines all subsequent aspects of group behaviour.

Whereas Sabatier considered hydrogenation of only vapors, the German chemist Wilhelm Normann showed in 1901 that liquid oils could be hydrogenated, and patented the process in 1902.

Whereas the Vienna material had been performed live a great deal prior to a three-week recording process, Rage in Eden took over three months.

Whereas, laminin-1 interacts with non-integrin receptor dystroglycan negatively regulates this side branching process in case of cancer.

Whereas the mass-production of high-quality diamond crystals make the HPHT process the more suitable choice for industrial applications, the flexibility and simplicity of CVD setups explain the popularity of CVD growth in laboratory research.

Whereas his father had seen the electron as a particle ( and won his Nobel Prize in the process ), Thomson demonstrated that it could be diffracted like a wave, a discovery proving the principle of wave-particle duality which had first been posited by Louis-Victor de Broglie in the 1920s as what is often dubbed the de Broglie hypothesis.

Whereas a redaction critic would use such intertextuality to argue for a particular order and process of the authorship of the books in question, literary criticism takes a synchronic view that deals with the texts in their final form, as an interconnected body of literature.

Whereas message-passing models require tightly-coupled processes sending messages to each other in some sequence or protocol, Linda processes are decoupled from other processes, communicating only through the tuplespace ; a process need have no notion of other processes except for the kinds of tuples consumed or produced ( data coupling ).

Whereas version 2 was process oriented ( split in 2 groups: service support and service delivery ), version 3 is service oriented.

Whereas the English Wikipedia requires a general consensus for deleting articles ( hence deletion discussion is not considered to be a voting process ), the Hebrew Wikipedia has adopted a policy of deletion upon a 55 % majority, with no minimum number of votes.

Whereas photovoltaics can provide direct electrical current from sunlight, the inefficiency of fuel production from photovoltaic electricity ( indirect process ) and the fact sunshine is not constant throughout time sets a limit to its use.

Whereas decategorification is a straightforward process, categorification is usually much less straightforward, and requires insight into individual situations.

Whereas heavy rain often causes a flash flood, a spring thaw event is generally a more incremental process, depending upon local climate and topography.

Whereas the development process used by Kodachrome was technically intricate and beyond the means of amateur photographers and smaller photographic labs, Ektachrome was a product that small professional labs could afford equipment to develop.

However, the equation is currently becoming far more complicated: Whereas the process used to be about regulating and limiting the individual power of states to avoid disturbing or overturning the status quo, the issue for today's world governance is to have a collective influence on the world's destiny by establishing a system for regulating the many interactions that lie beyond the province of state action.

Whereas the perilymph is rich in sodium ions, the endolymph is rich in potassium ions, which produces an ionic, electrical potential.

Whereas frequency-selective fading produces echoes that are highly disruptive for any of the M time-shifts used to encode PPM data, it selectively disrupts only some of the M possible frequency-shifts used to encode data for M-FSK.

Whereas Nimrod would produce around 2 µA at 7 GeV, ISIS produces 200 µA at 0. 8 GeV.

Whereas surface micromachining creates structures on top of a substrate, bulk micromachining produces structures inside a substrate.

Whereas in the CN-case, the resulting maximal subgroups M are still Frobenius groups, the maximal subgroups that occur in the proof of the odd-order theorem need no longer have this structure, and the analysis of their structure and interplay produces 5 possible types of maximal subgroups, called types I, II, III, IV, V. Type I subgroups are of " Frobenius type ", a slight generalization of Frobenius group, and in fact later on in the proof are shown to be Frobenius groups.

“ Whereas, the use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage is productive of pauperism, degradation and crime ; and believing it our duty to discourage that which produces more evil than good, we therefore pledge ourselves to abstain from the use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage “.