The Reform Act was the climax of Whiggery but also brought about the Whigs ' demise.

* Newbould, Ian D. C. " Whiggery and the Dilemma of Reform: Liberals, Radicals, and the Melbourne Administration, 1835-9 ," Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 1980, Vol.

The great figures of reformist Whiggery were Charles James Fox ( died 1806 ) and his disciple and successor Earl Grey.

The admission of the middle classes to the franchise and to the House of Commons led eventually to the development of a systematic middle class liberalism and the end of Whiggery, although for many years reforming aristocrats held senior positions in the party.

Classical liberalism in Britain developed from Whiggery and radicalism, and represented a new political ideology.

Whiggery had become a dominant ideology following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and was associated with the defence of Parliament, upholding the rule of law and defending landed property.

There was greater unity to classical liberalism ideology than there had been with Whiggery.

Some elements of Whiggery opposed this new thinking, and were uncomfortable with the commercial nature of classical liberalism.

" However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle of the Manchester School and William Gladstone.

In the South, the party vanished, but as Thomas Alexander has shown, Whiggery as a policy orientation persisted for decades and played a major role in shaping the modernizing policies of the state governments during Reconstruction after 1865.

" Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860-1877 ," Journal of Southern History, Vol.

The Unionist support for ( trade ) protection in the early twentieth century under Joseph Chamberlain ( probably the least Whiggish character in the party ) further alienated the more orthodox Whigs, however, and by the early twentieth century Whiggery was largely irrelevant and without a natural political home.

( The term " Whiggery " is ambiguous in contemporary usage: it may either mean party politics and ideology, or a general intellectual approach.

In The Anthropic Cosmological Principle ( 1986, see anthropic principle for details ) John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler identify Whiggishness ( Whiggery ) with a teleological principle, of ' convergence ' in history to liberal democracy.

As Thomas Alexander ( 1961 ) showed, there was persistent Whiggery ( support for the principles of the defunct Whig Party ) in the South after 1865.

Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky, Henry Clay's successor in border-state Whiggery, set up a meeting among fifty conservative, pro-compromise congressmen in December 1859, which led to a convention in Baltimore the week of May 9, 1860, one week before the Republican Party convention.

Anarchism in England initially developed within the context of radical Whiggery and Protestant religious dissent.

The moderates will be welcomed aboard the Ark's decks after being purged of their Whiggery by swallowing a dose of seawater.

For historical details, see the article about Whiggery.

After decades in opposition the Whigs came to power under Grey in 1830 and carried the First Reform Act in 1832.

Lord Aberdeen served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster between January and June 1828 and subsequently as Foreign Secretary until 1830 under the Duke of Wellington. He resigned with Wellington over the Reform Bill of 1832.

They made Lord Grey prime minister 1830 – 1834, and the Reform Act of 1832 became their signature measure.

They made Lord Grey prime minister 1830 – 1834, and the Reform Act 1832 became their signature measure.

English Rural and Urban Disturbances on the Eve of the First Reform Bill, 1830 – 1831.

Aristocratic Government in the Age of Reform: Whigs and Liberals, 1830 – 1852.

The firm of Grissell and Peto ( 1830 – 1847 ) built many well-known buildings in London, including the Reform Club, the Oxford & Cambridge Club, the Lyceum, and St James's Theatre, Hungerford Market and Bloomsbury Chapel ( 1848 ), the first Baptist church with spires in London.

* History of the Whig Ministry of 1830, to the Passing of the Reform Bill, 1852

He was a prominent Whig politician and served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1830 to 1834, which tenure saw the passing of the Great Reform Act of 1832.

He was Lord President of the Council in the government of the Duke of Wellington from 1828 to 1830, and favoured the removal of the disabilities of Roman Catholics, but was a sturdy opponent of the Reform Bill of 1832.

At the general election of 1826 Warburton was returned to parliament in the Radical interest for the borough of Bridport in Dorset, making his first long speech on 30 November on foreign goods, and was re-elected in 1830, 1831, 1833, 1835, 1837, and 1841, all of the elections after the Reform Bill being strongly contested.

Lord Congleton was also the author of several volumes and pamphlets on matters connected with financial questions, the most important being that On Financial Reform, published in 1830.

" Politics, Propaganda and Public Opinion: The Influence of Race and Class on the 1993 – 1994 Health Care Reform Debate ", 2004.

The Reform Act 1867 extended the franchise by 938, 427 – an increase of 88 % – by giving the vote to male householders and male lodgers paying at least 10 pounds for rooms and eliminating rotten boroughs with fewer than 10, 000 inhabitants, and granting constituencies to fifteen unrepresented towns, and extra representation in parliament to larger towns such as Liverpool and Manchester, which had previously been under-represented in Parliament.

Among the consequences of the Third Reform Act ( 1884 – 85 ) was the giving of the vote to the Catholic peasants in Ireland, and the consequent creation of an Irish Parliamentary Party led by Charles Stewart Parnell.

Psychological coercion – along with the other varieties-was extensively and systematically used by the government of the People ’ s Republic of China during the “ Thought Reform ” campaign of 1951-1952.

This was known as the Gregorian Reform, which takes its name from Pope Gregory VII, ( 1073 – 85 ).

* 1989 – 1989 Philippine coup attempt: The right-wing military rebel Reform the Armed Forces Movement attempts to oust Philippine President Corazon Aquino in a failed bloody coup d ' état.

* Americans for Tax Reform – 100 % for 2006

* National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws – + 30 for 2006

** Economic Reform, 1991 – 2007, reform policies were introduced to meet the terms of international institutions, lenders and donors, including wider incentives to the role of the private sector in all economic activities.

* 1898 – The Hundred Days ' Reform is started by Guangxu Emperor with a plan to change social, political and educational institutions in China, but is suspended by Empress Dowager Cixi after 104 days.

* 1986 – The Parliament of New Zealand passes the Homosexual Law Reform Act legalising homosexuality in New Zealand.

* 1883 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, establishing the United States Civil Service, is passed.

Reform Rule in Czechoslovakia: The Dubček Era, 1968 – 1969 </ i >.

For two years, he and his Cabinet ( including four future Prime Ministers – Melbourne, Russell, Palmerston and Derby – and one former one, Goderich ) fought to pass what has come to be known as the Great Reform Bill of 1832.

* 1898 – Empress Dowager Cixi seizes power and ends the Hundred Days ' Reform in China.

Similar employee protections enforced through OSHA are included in the Surface Transportation Assistance Act ( 1982 ) to protect truck drivers, the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act ( PSIA ) of 2002, the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century (" AIR 21 "), and the Sarbanes – Oxley Act, enacted on July 30, 2002 ( for corporate fraud whistleblowers ).

Securities whistleblowers are provided incentives and protection by the Dodd – Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ( 2010 ).

* January 16 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, establishing the United States civil service, is passed.

* December – Reform War in Mexico begins.

* August 15 – Benjamin Disraeli's Second Reform Act enfranchises many urban working men and adds 938, 000 to an electorate of 1, 057, 000 in England and Wales.

* September 21 – Empress Dowager Cixi of China engineers a coup d ' etat, marking the end of the Hundred Days ' Reform ; the Guangxu Emperor is arrested.

* August 1 – Virginia closes its Reform Constitutional Convention deciding that all white men have the right to vote.