While Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, an Islamist extremist enjoying the backing of neighboring Pakistan, pushed for continued violent struggle against the Afghan government, Massoud and Rabbani advocated for a peaceful political campaign lobbying officials working for the government and armed forces.

While dictatorial regimes can preempt opposition nationalist or socialist campaigns by closing down their networks and headquarters, the centre for Islamist political organizing is the mosque.

While the bombing was ongoing, the Vanguards of Conquest issued a communique to Islamist groups calling for attacks against the United States " for its arrogance " in bombing Iraq.

While the assassination of the Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in 1981 is generally thought to have been carried out by another Islamist group, Egyptian Islamic Jihad, some have suggested al-Gamaa was responsible for or at least related to the assassination.

While he was incarcerated, he met " Khelif ," an Islamist who had fled France to evade trial.

While many leftists have happily worked with Arab or Muslim groups in opposition to perceived U. S. or Israeli imperialism, alliances between leftists and Islamists are relatively unusual, and Taheri's sole example of a leftist actually praising Islamist terrorists is from Carlos the Jackal, a terrorist himself.

While other leftist parties opposed the Islamist forces at this time, and were suppressed as a result, the Tudeh Party leadership as well as the Majority Fedaian decided to collaborate with the new clerical theocratic regime.

While Ismael Haniyeh officially denied accusations that Hamas intended to establish an Islamic emirate, Jonathan Schanzer wrote that in the two years following the 2007 coup, the Gaza Strip has exhibited the characteristics of Talibanization, a process whereby the Islamist organization imposed strict rules on women, discouraged activities commonly associated with Western or Christian culture, oppressed non-Muslim minorities, imposed sharia law, and deployed religious police to enforce these laws.

While individual sportsmen are aware of this situation, too many of our political, social, educational and even religious leaders too often forget it.

While authors such as Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Marc Ferro and Jacques Le Goff continue to carry the Annales banner, today the Annales approach has been less distinctive as more and more historians do work in cultural history, political history and economic history.

While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse, others contain political or social commentary ( such as Wag the Dog and Man of the Year ).

While the language has continued to change in all of these places, modern Canadian English has inherited significant vocabulary and spelling from the shared political and social institutions of Commonwealth countries.

While the term " liberal " had been used to describe all political forces in Colombia, the conservatives began describing themselves as " conservative liberals " and their opponents as " red liberals ".

While asserting the political power of the Party itself, the change in policy generated significant economic growth.

While the budget consists of limited amount of donations and business operations owned by the party, its majority comes from the grant of national treasury, the same way that supports the other 8 subordinative registered parties, which making a bizarre exception among modern political parties.

While Titus received a court education in the company of Britannicus, Vespasian pursued a successful political and military career.

Silvermintz notes that, " Historians of economic thought credit Plato, primarily on account of arguments advanced in his Republic, as an early proponent of the division of labor .” Notwithstanding this, Silvermintz argues that, " While Plato recognizes both the economic and political benefits of the division of labor, he ultimately critiques this form of economic arrangement insofar as it hinders the individual from ordering his own soul by cultivating acquisitive motives over prudence and reason.

While some have strong political, scholarly, or philosophical orientations, others are more informal associations of teachers and students dissatisfied with certain aspects of traditional education.

While the conservative wing of the German political spectrum, primarily formed of the CDU and CSU, enjoys considerable support, this support tends to be less extended to Stoiber.

While the article specifically prohibits discrimination based on " sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status ", the last of these allows the court to extend to Article 14 protection to other grounds not specifically mentioned such as has been done regarding discrimination based on a person's sexual orientation.

While limited by her gender, Madame Roland took it upon herself to spread Revolutionary ideology and spread word of events, as well as to assist in formulating the policies of her political allies.

While the Finnish political and intellectual elite mostly understood the term to refer more to the foreign policy problems of other countries, and meant mostly for domestic consumption in the speaker's own country, many ordinary Finns considered the term highly offensive.

While most of these migrations had an economic background, Germany has also been a prime destination for refugees from many developing countries, in part because its constitution long had a clause giving a ' right ' to political asylum, but restrictions over the years have since made it less attractive.

While thousands of political prisoners and many dissidents were released in the spirit of glasnost, Gorbachev's original goal of using glasnost and perestroika to reform the Soviet Union was not achieved.

While the camps housed a wide range of convicts, from petty criminals to political prisoners, large numbers were convicted by simplified procedures, such as NKVD troikas and other instruments of extrajudicial punishment.

While East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programs and the alleged constant threat of a West German invasion, many of her citizens looked to the West for political freedoms and economic prosperity.

While implementation of governance reforms and peaceful resolution of the political stalemate are key to long-term growth, external support remains critical in avoiding economic collapse.

While international trade has been present throughout much of history ( see Silk Road, Amber Road ), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.

While the head of state is the popularly elected President of Ireland, this is a largely ceremonial position with real political power being vested in the indirectly elected Taoiseach ( prime minister ) who is the head of the government.

While there are a number of political parties in the state, the political landscape has been dominated for decades by Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael, historically opposed and competing entities, which both occupy the traditional centre ground.

While the earliest cuisine of the United States was influenced by indigenous American Indians, the cuisine of the thirteen colonies or the culture of the antebellum American South ; the overall culture of the nation, its gastronomy and the growing culinary arts became ever more influenced by its changing ethnic mix and immigrant patterns from the 18th and 19th centuries unto the present.

While his work on deciphering the Maya script gained some support from Alfred Tozzer at Harvard, the main authority on Ancient Maya culture, J. E. S.

While U. S. culture prefers breasts that are youthful and upright, some cultures venerate women with wrinkled, saggy breasts, indicating mothering and the wisdom of experience.

While still tightly linked to the court culture and absolutism, with its formality and emphasis on order and hierarchy, the new style was also a cleaner style — one that favored clearer divisions between parts, brighter contrasts and colors, and simplicity rather than complexity, and the typical orchestra size increased.

While the Super Bowl XX Champion Bears were a fixture of mainstream American pop culture in the 1980s, the Bears made a prior mark with the 1971 American TV movie Brian's Song starring Billy Dee Williams as Gale Sayers and James Caan as Brian Piccolo.

While in popular usage the term " myth " is often thought to refer to false or fanciful stories, creation myths are by definition those stories which a culture accepts as both a true and foundational account of their human identity.

While ethnicity and culture play a large part in Jewish identity, they are not the only way Jews define themselves as Jews.

While they continued to play live shows during 1983 and 1984, they took a break from releasing new records to concentrate on the Alternative Tentacles record label, which would become synonymous with DIY alternative culture.

While the British were in charge, the prisoners created their own governance and culture.

While Gramsci's views argue that culture ( beliefs, perceptions and values ) allows the ruling class to maintain domination, Marx's explanation is along more economic lines, with concepts such as commodity fetishism demonstrating how the ideology of the bourgeoisie ( in this case, the existence of property as a social creation rather than an ' eternal entity ') dominate over that of the working classes.

While hip hop in Dar es Salaam is a clear reflection of Tanzanian localized struggle and culture, it also engages in and compromises with aspects of Western culture.

While Greek culture placed a greater emphasis on prowess and power, Paris chose to award the apple to Aphrodite, thereby dooming his city, which was destroyed in the war that ensued.

While critics point to the common practice of pseudonymous writing in the ancient world, they usually fail to point out that this practice, though common in the culture, was not common in personal letters, and was categorically rejected by the early church ( cf.

While even many tribal cultures are losing traditional folk music and folk cultures, the process is most advanced " where industrialization and commercialisation of culture are most advanced ".

While certain critics from within graffiti culture consider this lazy, stickers can be quite detailed in their own right, and are often used in conjunction with other materials.

While its influence continued to be felt in small ways in some west European states, the Gothic language and culture largely disappeared during the Middle Ages.

While Howland Island was colonized in 1935 as a future aviation facility and is known in popular culture mostly because of its association with the last flight of Earhart and Noonan, no aircraft is known to have ever landed there, although anchorages nearby could be used by floatplanes and flying boats during World War II.

While post-structural historicism is relativist in its orientation, that is, it sees each culture as its own frame of reference, a large number of thinkers have embraced the need for historical context, not because culture is self-referential, but because there is no more compressed means of conveying all of the relevant information except through history.

While British colonialism laid the foundation for English over much of the world, International English is a product of an emerging world culture, very much attributable to the influence of the United States as well, but conceptually based on a far greater degree of cross-talk and linguistic transculturation, which tends to mitigate both U. S. influence and British colonial influence.

While the term " impi " has become synonymous with the Zulu nation in international popular culture, it appears in various video games such as Civilization III, Civilization IV: Warlords and Civilization: Revolution, where the Impi is the unique unit for the Zulu faction with Shaka as their leader and also as an appearance as unique unit of the Bantu nation in Rise of Nation ( Zulus are among many tribes who make up the Bantu people ).

While there is no single " type " of organizational culture, some researchers have developed models to describe different organizational cultures.