While the idea of laws and markets as emergent phenomena comes fairly naturally to an economist, and was indeed present in the works of early economists such as Bernard Mandeville, David Hume, and Adam Smith, Hayek traces the development of ideas based on spontaneous-order throughout the history of Western thought, occasionally going as far back as the presocratics.

While it has gained a larger following among economists and public policy practitioners, the discipline has fallen out of favor among more radical and post-modernist geographers.

While some economists deny that bubbles occur, the cause of bubbles remains a challenge to those who are convinced that asset prices often deviate strongly from intrinsic values.

While critics of productivism and its political / economic variants, notably capitalism and socialism, challenge the notions of conventional political economy, and argue for an economic policy more compatible with humanity, these views are often dismissed as ' utopian ' by economists and political scientists, who hold that there is no conflict between the role of the worker and of the citizen, father and mother, etc.

While conventional neoclassical economic theories of the 1960s and 1970s explained these as the result of free choices made by women and men who simply had different abilities or preferences, feminist economists pointed out the important roles played by stereotyping, sexism, patriarchal beliefs and institutions, sexual harassment, and discrimination.

While overt employment discrimination by sex remains a concern of feminist economists, in recent years more attention has been paid to discrimination against caregivers — those women, and some men, who give hands-on care to children or sick or elderly friends or relatives.

While some mainstream economists favour monetary reforms to reduce inflation and currency risk and to increase efficiency in the allocation of financial capital, the idea of all-encompassing reform for green or peace objectives is typically espoused by those on the left-wing of the subject and those associated with the anti-globalization movement.

While opinion varies among economists, Rodrik pointed out what he claimed was a factual paradox: while China and India increased their economies ' reliance on free market forces to a limited extent, their general economic policies remained the exact opposite to the Washington Consensus ' main recommendations.

While some argue that his predictions were forestalled by dramatic improvements in the efficiency of food production in the 20th century during the Green Revolution, classical liberal economists argue that the law of supply and demand would mean that if the supply of food were to decline, the price of food would then rise, thereby allowing for a gradual adjustment in consumption and preventing an all out famine.

While these behavior patterns are generally dismissed as ‘ fallacious ’ or ‘ illogical ’ by economists, neuroeconomic researchers are trying to determine the biological reasons for these behaviors.

While no studies have shown that the Act's negative effects, in total, exceed the positive effects, many economists believe that finding a way to reduce such perverse incentives would lead to more effective protection of endangered species.

While each has its own advantage and peculiarity to deal with particular situations, there is no unanimous opinion amongst economists as to one sole indicator.

" While many developing world economists blame Africa's poverty on the long-term effects of European colonialism and predict ongoing economic stagnation in Africa, Johns has been one of several prominent global affairs experts to challenge this argument, responding that Africa's future will be promising if post-colonial governments abandon statist and autocratic policies.

While many economists had serious doubts about the existence or significance of this Pigou Effect, by the 1960s academic economists gave little credence to the concept of a liquidity trap.

While mainstream economists agree that the quantity theory holds true in the long run, there is still disagreement about its applicability in the short run.

While Rajaji and Masani, and economists like B. R.

While at the FCC, Mr. Shapiro led a team of engineers, economists and lawyers in drafting Rulemakings and Orders for the introduction of digital television to the US broadcast market.

While this claim has been disputed by many ( see minimum wage for discussion ), a few economists, including Nobel prize winner Joseph Stiglitz, accept Card and Krueger's findings

While affective forecasting has traditionally drawn the most attention from economists and psychologists, their findings have in turn generated interest from a variety of other fields, including happiness research, law, and healthcare.

While ongoing disagreement about exact stages exists, many economists ( notable Marx and others following from his critique of capitalism ) have posited the following general states

While economists generally agree about the size of global income inequality, there is a general disagreement about the recent direction of change of it.

While authors such as Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Marc Ferro and Jacques Le Goff continue to carry the Annales banner, today the Annales approach has been less distinctive as more and more historians do work in cultural history, political history and economic history.

While not explicitly rejecting mentalité history, younger historians increasingly turned to other approaches.

While most pre-Columbian historians believe that there was ritual cannibalism related to human sacrifices, they do not support Harris's thesis that human flesh was ever a significant portion of the Aztec diet.

While some anti-imperialist narratives notably those of historians within the People's Republic of China as well as Western Marxist histories incorporate anti-imperialist narratives in their histories, many anti-imperialist narratives are non-Marxist or as in the case of the Kuomintang in the 1960s, actively anti-Marxist.

While contemporaneous accounts are clear that the handshake took place on Saturday, some historians have changed the date of the merger to Sunday, January 1, 1832.

While many historians have believed that Allen took these actions because he already held Wentworth grants of his own, there is no evidence that he was issued any such grants until after he had been asked to take up the defense of grants held by others.

While historians disagree over the exact authorship of the work, the writing contains clear indications of Allen's style.

While some historians read this generous act as a sign that Emperor Menelik still hoped for a peaceful resolution to the war, Harold Marcus points out that this escort allowed him a tactical advantage: " Menelik craftily managed to establish himself in Hawzien, at Gendepata, near Adwa, where the mountain passes were not guarded by Italian fortifications.

While there is no universally agreed upon time frame, demographers, historians and commentators use beginning birth dates from the early 1960s to the early 1980s ; typically no later than 1982.

While the cover of the magazine itself contends it was a catalog, most historians note that it contained articles, features, and plotlines, qualifying it as a magazine.

While these writings display some limited continuities with the earlier medical ideas known from the Vedas, historians have been able to demonstrate direct historical connections between early Ayurveda and the early literature of the Buddhists and Jains.

While there is a well defined lower-limit to the length of a daitō, the upper limit is not well enforced ; a number of modern historians, swordsmiths, etc.

While many historians accept this belief doubt remains.

While the Rwandan Civil War was a complex sequence of violent episodes which included killers and victims on all sides, most historians agree with RPF's assertions that the 1994 genocide was a deliberate, methodical Hutu campaign to completely exterminate the Tutsis, and that plans for the genocide were well known in advance by European, American, and UN officials.

While Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection, historians have pointed out differences.

While biographers such as Ackroyd have taken a relatively tolerant view of More's campaign against Protestantism by placing his actions within the turbulent religious climate of the time, other equally eminent historians, such as Richard Marius, have been more critical, believing that persecutions -- including what he perceives as the advocacy of extermination for Protestants -- were a betrayal of More's earlier humanist convictions.

While the public sphere is generally an integral component of social interpretations of the Enlightenment, numerous historians have brought into question whether the public sphere was bourgeois, oppositional to the state, independent from the state, or egalitarian.

While there are no historical records that deal directly with the founding of Venice, tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees from Roman cities near Venice such as Padua, Aquileia, Treviso, Altino and Concordia ( modern Portogruaro ) and from the undefended countryside, who were fleeing successive waves of Germanic and Hun invasions.

While many historians and authors agree that Woodhull was the first woman to run for President of the United States, some have questioned that priority given issues with the legality of her run.

While the object from which the genre is derived dates from the Renaissance, theater historians argue that slapstick comedy has been at least somewhat present in almost all comedic genres since the rejuvenation of theater in church liturgical dramas in the Middle Ages.

While later chroniclers such as John of Fordun supplied a great deal of information on Dub's life and reign, including tales of witchcraft and treason, almost all of this is rejected by modern historians.

While the general outline of events following Cnut's death are clear, the details are obscure, and historians give differing interpretations.

While historians have traditionally suggested that his parents sent him to Lake Forest to discourage his interest in jazz, others have begun to doubt this version of events, believing that he may have been sent away in response to his arrest.

While historical records showed that Kenshin suffered abdominal problems, modern historians have usually attributed his death to stomach cancer, esophageal cancer or cerebrovascular disease.

While history has viewed Catiline through the lenses of his enemies, some modern historians have reassessed Catiline, such as Michael Parenti, in " The Assassination of Julius Caesar ".