While smart materials and nanosensors both exemplify useful applications of MNT, they pale in comparison with the complexity of the technology most popularly associated with the term: the replicating nanorobot.

While he did not perform the operatic vocals in the studio, Groucutt often displayed his vocal talents by replicating them during live performances of " Rockaria!

While both musicians claimed to be replicating “ folk ” traditions in their books and recordings, some scholars credit them with establishing the form and choreography of the dance ( Chazarreta 2007 ).

While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms, molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions along more efficient, evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so.

While the bacteria had been killed, the DNA had survived the heating process and was taken up by the II-R strain bacteria.

While DNA had been known to biologists since 1869, a few scientists still assumed at the time that proteins carried the information for inheritance.

While this state is highly stable, it can switch to the lytic pathway in the process of prophage induction, which occurs when the host SOS response is triggered by DNA damage.

While some preserved human remains may contain DNA, peat bogs such as Lindow Moss are generally poor for such a purpose, and it is unlikely that DNA could be recovered from Lindow Man.

While changes to the chromosome caused by X-ray and mustard gas were readily observable to the early researchers, other changes to the DNA induced by other mutagens were not so easily observable, and the mechanism may be complex and takes longer to unravel.

* While DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose ( in deoxyribose there is no hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the 2 ' position ).

While this makes it unsuitable for current ' DNA optimised ' life, it may have been acceptable for more primitive life.

While transcription was classically thought to occur only from DNA to RNA, reverse transcriptase transcribes RNA into DNA.

While being interviewed for a February 2009 issue of Rolling Stone magazine, Kurzweil expressed a desire to construct a genetic copy of his late father, Fredric Kurzweil, from DNA within his grave site.

While some TEs may confer benefits on their hosts, most are regarded as selfish DNA parasites.

While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA / RNA replication are retained.

While overall genome size, and by extension the amount of noncoding DNA, are correlated to organism complexity, there are many exceptions.

While identification of open reading frames within a DNA sequence is straightforward, identifying coding sequences is not, because the cell translates only a subset of all open reading frames to proteins.

While the individual strands of a linear double helix represent two distinct and separable molecules, this need not be true for circular DNA.

While the solution to a seven-node instance is trivial, this paper is the first known instance of the successful use of DNA to compute an algorithm.

While investigating how a culture of E. coli was able to stop the production of phages, Luria discovered that specific bacterial strains produce enzymes that cut DNA at certain sequences.

While it is currently unknown to what extent telomere erosion contributes to the normal aging process, maintenance of DNA in general, and telomeric DNA specifically, has emerged as a major consideration in aging theory.

While prokaryotic cyanobacteria themselves reproduce asexually through cell division, they were instrumental in priming the environment for the evolutionary development of more complex eukaryotic organisms.

While transcription of prokaryotic protein-coding genes creates messenger RNA ( mRNA ) that is ready for translation into protein, transcription of eukaryotic genes leaves a primary transcript of RNA ( pre-mRNA ), which first has to undergo series of modification to become a mature mRNA.

While most of the early studies of Type VI secretion focused on its role in the pathogenesis of higher organisms, more recent studies suggested a broader physiological role in defense against simple eukaryotic predators and its role in inter-bacteria interactions.

While they do not have a nucleus in the eukaryotic sense, the nuclear material can sometimes be enclosed in a double membrane.

While there are differences between eukaryotic, bacterial and archaeal chaperonins, the general structure and mechanism are conserved.

While most mutagens produce effects that ultimately result in error in replication, some mutagens may affect directly the replication process.

* While currently there is unilateral emphasis on " first " discoveries, there should be as much emphasis on replication of discoveries.

While there is no FDA-approved specific therapy for coxsackievirus infection, a recent study demonstrated that fluoxetine ( marketed as Prozac in the US ) appears to inhibit replication of viral RNA in vitro.

While Haslam and Reicher's procedure was not a direct replication of Zimbardo's, their study casts further doubt on the generality of his conclusions.

While the primary site of viral replication in the body is not known, in HFRS the main effect is in the blood vessels while in HPS most symptoms are associated with the lungs.

While most of the house was intact, some replication was done and the house was almost entirely furnished with acquired period pieces, though some original family furniture and artifacts have been donated by Temple descendants.

While most of the traditional uses are clinically untested and of unknown efficacy, Prunella vulgaris has been shown to have pharmacological effects in vitro and in some animal models as an antioxidant, immune stimulant, viral replication inhibitor and an anti-inflammatory agent.

has shifted to the hybridized posthuman of technoscience, from “ representation ” to “ simulation ,” “ bourgeois novel ” to “ science fiction ,” “ reproduction ” to “ replication ,” and “ white capitalist patriarchy ” to “ informatics of domination .” While Haraway ’ s “ ironic dream of a common language ” is inspired by Irigaray ’ s argument for a discourse other than patriarchy, she rejects Irigaray ’ s essentializing construction of woman-as-not-male to argue for a linguistic community of situated, partial knowledges in which no one is innocent.

While artificial intelligence, in terms of a replication of human intelligence, is still a remote concept, successes in certain parts of intelligence — as for example in the victories of the Deep Blue chess computer and the Watson Jeopardy!

While at MIT Levinthal made significant discoveries in molecular genetics relating to the mechanisms of DNA replication, the relationship between genes and proteins, and the nature of messenger RNA.

While dreaming, the body also employs the meridians to repair the body and help it grow and develop by simulating very intensive movement-compression signals to expand the blood vessels when the level of growth enzymes increase.

While measuring the effect on an organism, tissue cells, enzymes or the receptor is preparing to be compared to a standard preparation.

While paracetamol ( acetaminophen or brand names Panadol, Tylenol ) is not metabolized by UGT1A1, it is metabolized by one of the other enzymes also deficient in some people with GS.

While studies show that ammonia alone is only a mild skin irritant, when urea breaks down in the presence of fecal urease it increases pH because ammonia is released, which in turn promotes the activity of fecal enzymes such as protease and lipase.

While the first cases of IHC staining used fluorescent dyes ( see immunofluorescence ), other non-fluorescent methods using enzymes such as peroxidase ( see immunoperoxidase staining ) and alkaline phosphatase are now used.

While DNA repair enzymes can fix some mutations, they are not sufficiently effective, as demonstrated by the relation to cancer, aging and other types of persistent mutation and cell death.

While most serpins control proteolytic cascades, certain serpins do not inhibit enzymes, but instead perform diverse functions such as storage ( ovalbumin, in egg white ), hormone carriage proteins ( thyroxine-binding globulin, cortisol-binding globulin ) and tumor suppressor genes ( maspin ).

While studies in invertebrate models indicate that animals genetically engineered to lack specific antioxidant enzymes ( such as SOD ), in general, show a shortened lifespan ( as one would expect from the theory ), the converse manipulation, increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes, has yielded inconsistent effects on lifespan ( though some studies in Drosophila do show that lifespan can be increased by the overexpression of MnSOD or glutathione biosynthesizing enzymes ).

While this is true in some cases, these enzyme activities have been identified in some obligate anaerobes, and genes for these enzymes and related proteins have been found in their genomes, such as Clostridium butyricum and Methanosarcina barkeri, among others.

While Pasteur believed that the only substance implied in the process of fermentation was yeast, Bernard-and Berthelot in his own way-believed that some other soluble ferment was involved: a German chemist will demonstrate the existence of this “ ferment ”, an intracellular diastase and will call “ zymase ” what we know now as enzymes.

While the list of enzyme substrates is extensive, Alkaline phosphatase ( AP ) and horseradish peroxidase ( HRP ) are the two enzymes used most extensively as labels for protein detection.

While the base excision repair machinery can recognize specific lesions in the DNA it can correct only damaged bases that can be removed by a specific glycosylase, the nucleotide excision repair enzymes recognize bulky distortions in the shape of the DNA double helix.