However, the Australian Prime Minister at the time, Gough Whitlam, insisted that the second pronunciation was the correct one because of the Greek origins of the two parts of the word.

Christopher Boyce, who was convicted for spying for the Soviet Union while an employee for a CIA contractor, claimed that the CIA wanted Whitlam removed from office because he threatened to close US military bases in Australia, including Pine Gap.

Cairns has since stated that he felt there were ulterior motives at play on the part of Gough Whitlam ; namely that Whitlam wished to be rid of Cairns because Cairns did not agree with a policy of economic rationalism and that Whitlam felt that Cairns was a threat to his leadership.

The First Whitlam Ministry in Australia is sometimes called the " Duumvirate " because it consisted entirely of the Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, and his deputy, Lance Barnard, who between them split up all ministerial and quasi-ministerial positions for two weeks in December 1972.

In his many commentaries on constitutional issues, especially the reserve powers of the Crown, Forsey was a conspicuous supporter of the action of the Governor-General of Australia, Sir John Kerr, in dismissing the Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, in the 1975 constitutional crisis because his government was unable to obtain supply ( approval to spend money ) from the parliament and refused to call a general election.

This was significant, because Barwick and Gough Whitlam, whose government Kerr dismissed, had a history of antipathy dating from the mid-1950s.

Boyce claimed the CIA wanted Whitlam removed from office because he wanted to close U. S. military bases in Australia, including the vital Pine Gap secure communications facility, and withdraw Australian troops from Vietnam.

The then Queensland Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen decided to thwart Whitlam by causing the issue of writs for only five, rather than six, Senate vacancies.

Cairns first became aware of what was to become known as the Loans Affair three days after being appointed Treasurer, on the 13th of December 1974, when he entered at the end of a meeting of the Labor Party federal executive at the Lodge, Whitlam explained the situation and requested that Cairns co-sign approval for the loan.

Werriwa is best remembered for being the electorate ( 1952-78 ) of former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam.

At the 1970 state elections the Liberals seemed in serious danger of losing office, or at least being forced into a coalition with the Country Party, but Bolte was saved by Holding's left-wing enemies in the Labor Party, who sabotaged his campaign by publicly opposing government funding for non-government schools ( which Holding and Gough Whitlam had made Labor policy ).

This attempt resulted in Whitlam being faced with a leadership challenge from the overtly left-wing Jim Cairns.

Gough Whitlam, no admirer of Wentworth in other respects, credits him with being one of the architects of the rail standardisation agreement that led to the opening of the single-gauge rail line from Melbourne to Sydney in 1961.

He was elected during an uneasy time for the Liberal government, being engaged in almost daily warfare with the Whitlam Labor Government in Canberra.

The Opposition stated that they would continue to do so unless Whitlam called an election for the House of Representatives and urged Kerr to dismiss Whitlam unless he agreed to their demand.

Both accounts agree that Kerr then stated that they would both have to live with this, to which Whitlam replied, " You certainly will.

No ALP Senate leaders were at The Lodge, nor did Whitlam and his party contact any when they drove back to Parliament House, confining their strategy to the House of Representatives.

At the 1963 election, Calwell hoped to build on his gains from two years earlier, but was severely crippled by a picture in the The Daily Telegraph showing he and Whitlam waiting outside a Canberra hotel for Labor's Federal Conference to tell them what policies on which they were to fight the election.

The West Sydney Razorbacks basketball team used to play out of the Gough Whitlam Centre while they were in the NBL.

Tom Uren, another Whitlam minister and one of Cairns's closest friends, later recorded that " Jim and Junie were attracted to each other from the first time they met.

But many Liberal MPs saw him as too old at 64 and too conservative to compete with the Labor leader, Gough Whitlam, and they chose the younger and more aggressive John Gorton.

) However, Hasluck and Whitlam treated each other with complete respect and they had no difficulties in their formal dealings with each other.

They proceed for some 250 metres north under Macquarie Street to be roughly parallel with the State Library ; to the south they extend to Whitlam Square at the intersection of Liverpool and College Streets.

When he told Whitlam they both laughed.

On hearing the news, McDonald and his crew raced to Parliament House, where they were able to film McDonald ( as Gunston ) briefly addressing the assembled crowd, only moments before Whitlam and the Governor-General's Official Secretary David Smith appeared for the reading of the now-famous proclamation announcing Whitlam's dismissal.

When the Liberals were defeated at the 1972 election by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam, he became a member of the opposition front bench under Billy Snedden's leadership.

Later that year, in the context of a series of ministerial scandals that were rocking the Whitlam government, Fraser opted to use the Coalition opposition Senate numbers to delay the government's budget bills with the objective of achieving an early election ( see 1975 Australian constitutional crisis ).

Fraser supported multiculturalism and established a government-funded multilingual radio and television network, the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ), though their first radio stations were established under the Whitlam government.

* In 1973 Menzies was awarded Japan's Order of the Rising Sun, Grand Cordon, First Class ( other Australian Prime Ministers to be awarded this honour were Edmund Barton, John McEwen, Malcolm Fraser and Gough Whitlam ).

At Kerr's request, Whitlam informally agreed that if both men were still in office in five years, Kerr would be reappointed.

In February 1975, Whitlam decided to appoint Senator Murphy a justice of the High Court of Australia, even though Murphy's Senate seat would not be up for election if a half-Senate election were held.

If the Opposition were to allow supply to pass, Whitlam would not advise a half-Senate election until May or June 1976, and the Senate would not convene until 1 July, thus obviating the threat of a possible temporary Labor majority.

Kerr later stated that were Whitlam to seek his dismissal, it would involve the Queen in politics.

Both men were busy in the morning, Kerr with Remembrance Day commemorations, and Whitlam with a caucus meeting and a censure motion in the House which the Opposition had submitted.

According to Fraser, Kerr asked him whether, if he were commissioned Prime Minister, he could secure supply, would immediately thereafter advise a double-dissolution election, and would refrain from new policies and investigations of the Whitlam Government pending the election.

Its first appearances in print were in the early 1970s, under the Whitlam government, and it was almost invariably used in a favorable sense until the late 1980s.

The Menzies Government ( 1949-1966 ) and Holt Government dismantled the legal barriers to multi-ethnic immigration and by the 1970s, the Whitlam and Fraser Governments were promoting multiculturalism.

Various ideological beliefs were factionalised under reforms to the ALP under Gough Whitlam, resulting in what is now known as the Socialist Left who tend to favour a more interventionist economic policy, more authoritative top-down controls and some socially progressive ideals, and Labor Right, the now dominant faction that is pro-business, more economically liberal and focuses to a lesser extent on social issues.

The separate titles of Ministers for the Navy, the Army and the Air were abolished in the second Whitlam Ministry on 30 November 1973, when the separate departments of Navy, Army and Air were also abolished.

The order of seniority in the Whitlam Ministry was determined by the order in which members were elected to the Ministry by the Caucus on 18 December 1972, except for the four parliamentary leaders, who were elected separately.

On this occasion the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, dismissed the government of Gough Whitlam when the Senate withheld Supply to the government, even though Whitlam retained the confidence of the House of Representatives.

Despite Labor holding a majority in the House of Representatives, Kerr appointed the Leader of the Opposition, Liberal leader Malcolm Fraser as caretaker prime minister, conditional on the passage of the Whitlam government's Supply bills through the Senate and the calling of an election for both houses of parliament.

He denounced the dismissal of the Whitlam government by Sir John Kerr, and unsuccessfully stood for an Australian Capital Territory Senate seat at the 1975 election as an independent.

In April 1974, faced with attempts by the Opposition to obstruct supply ( that is, appropriation bills ) in the Senate, Whitlam obtained the concurrence of the Governor-General, Sir Paul Hasluck, to a double dissolution.

Fraser and the Liberal-CP senators ... lacked the numbers to defer the Budget until the arrival in the Senate of Albert Patrick Field, whose arrival was not due to any decision by the Australian voters but to a decision by one of the rulers, the Whitlam-hating Bjelke-Petersen ... Whitlam for his part had decided even before the Budget was deferred to embark upon the bold, Cromwellian project of changing the Australian Constitution, not through the vote of the mass electorate ... but through prodigious personal exertions backed by the support of his parliamentary followers.

In his survey of the events of the crisis, November 1975, Kelly places blame on Fraser for initiating the crisis and on Whitlam for using the crisis to try to break Fraser and the Senate.

* In the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the elected Senate wilfully delayed voting on a bill to authorize supply for the government, until the Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, should call an election for the House of Representatives.

In 1974, when the Federal Labor government of Gough Whitlam was desperately attempting to gain a majority in the Senate, Whitlam tried to create an extra vacancy in Queensland for the upcoming Senate election so as to gain the ALP an increased chance of winning an extra Senate seat.

Whitlam was later dismissed when the Senate refused to pass supply bills ( see 1975 Australian constitutional crisis ).

One of the more famous examples of the defeat of a supply bill occurred in Australia in 1975, when the Senate, which was controlled by the opposition, refused to approve a package of appropriation and loan bills, prompting Governor-General Sir John Kerr to dismiss Prime Minister Gough Whitlam and appoint Malcolm Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister until the next election ( where the Fraser government was elected ).

Hasluck granted Whitlam a double dissolution in April 1974 ( with an election on 18 May ) when the Liberal Opposition threatened to block the Budget bills in the Senate.

Snedden allowed himself to be persuaded to use the conservative majority in the Senate to block the Whitlam government's budget in 1974.

A significant achievement came as acting education minister in the Whitlam government, when he managed to split the opposition and win National Party support in the Senate for needs-based funding for non-government schools.