In 1968 Witten published an article in The Nation arguing that the New Left had no strategy.

Witten conjectured the existence of a unifying theory called M-theory whose complete structures had not been discovered yet and non-technically could be described as what could be possibly the most fundamental physical theory of the universe.

This had implications for low-dimensional topology and led to quantum invariants such as the Witten – Reshetikhin – Turaev invariants.

The expanded 30th anniversary edition of the 1965 official book, The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation, was notable for its exclusion of most of the evidence against the map's authenticity, concentrating instead on vindications by George Painter, and Thomas Cahill with colleague Bruce Kusko ( in which they claimed specifically that they had not analyzed the loose particles they took from the map at the time of their PIXE research ), but it did reprint a remarkable essay written in 1989 by the original book dealer Laurence Witten.

The essay also revealed that Witten had, on Ferrajoli's recommendation, met with Irving Davis after buying the map volume in 1957.

Edward Witten demonstrated that the Jones polynomial, and similar Jones-type invariants, had an interpretation in Chern – Simons theory.

Before Herbede became a part of Witten, it had five boroughs: Vormholz, Bommerholz, Durchholz, Kaempen and Buchholz.

Witten had shown that the Chern-Simons topological quantum field theory can be solved in terms of Jones polynomials.

By the end of the season Patrick had caught 39 passes for 550 yards and four touchdowns-which tied for second on the team with Jason Witten.

Witten attended the University of Wisconsin – Madison for one semester as an economics graduate student before dropping out.

Many academic reviewers of the book took the opportunity to point out evidence that called the map's authenticity into question, so a year later, a Vinland Map Conference was held at the Smithsonian Institution, during which further significant questions were asked, particularly of Witten, who gave very straightforward and helpful answers ; but, the proceedings were not published for another five years.

Because the construction is lengthy and difficult, it is carried out here rather than in the Gromov – Witten invariants article itself.

* In 1981, Ed Witten showed that 11 was the smallest number of dimensions that was big enough to contain the gauge groups of the Standard Model, namely SU ( 3 ) for the strong interactions and SU ( 2 ) times U ( 1 ) for the electroweak interactions.

Unable to afford the asking price, and concerned that, ostensibly because of the former private owner's tax concerns, Witten refused to reveal the provenance of the map, Yale contacted another alumnus, Paul Mellon, who agreed to buy it ( for a price later stated to be about $ 300, 000 ) and donate it to the university if it could be authenticated.

If M has a boundary N then there is additional data which describes a choice of trivialization of the principal G-bundle on N. Such a choice characterizes a map from N to G. The dynamics of this map is described by the Wess – Zumino – Witten ( WZW ) model on N at level k.

To construct Gromov – Witten invariants, one pushes the moduli space of stable maps forward under the evaluation map

The rigorous mathematical definition of Gromov – Witten invariants is lengthy and difficult, so it is treated separately in the stable map article.

Witten has made numerous contributions to theoretical physics, in work that has spawned a large number of highly mathematical results.

Sir Michael Atiyah said of Witten, " Although he is definitely a physicist, his command of mathematics is rivaled by few mathematicians ... Time and again he has surprised the mathematical community by a brilliant application of physical insight leading to new and deep mathematical theorems ... he has made a profound impact on contemporary mathematics.

On January 9, Owens made the All-Pro team along with teammates Jason Witten and DeMarcus Ware.

Arithmetic coding, invented by Jorma Rissanen, and turned into a practical method by Witten, Neal, and Cleary, achieves superior compression to the better-known Huffman algorithm, and lends itself especially well to adaptive data compression tasks where the predictions are strongly context-dependent.

These relationships imply that each of the super string theories is a different aspect of a single underlying theory, proposed by Witten, and named " M-theory ".

In 1994, Edward Witten outlined the following relationship: The Type IIA supergravity ( corresponding to the heterotic SO ( 32 ) and Type IIA string theories ) can be obtained by dimensional reduction from the single unique eleven-dimensional supergravity theory.

It seems plausible, then, that there is some quantum theory — which Witten dubbed M-theory — in eleven-dimensions which gives rise at low energies to eleven-dimensional supergravity, and is related to ten-dimensional string theory by dimensional reduction.

With Gary Horowitz, Philip Candelas and Andy Strominger Witten showed how string theory can lead to realistic descriptions by compactifying the theory on a higher dimensional manifold known as Calabi Yau manifolds.

In the string theory conference at University of Southern California in the mid-1990s, Witten solved an outstanding problem of how five different versions of string theory were just the same theory which are related to one another by dualities.

Witten was awarded the Fields Medal by the International Mathematical Union in 1990, becoming the first physicist to win the prize.

His thesis proves a conjecture by Edward Witten that two quantum gravitational models are equivalent.

The discovery of the Jones polynomial by Vaughan Jones in 1984, and subsequent contributions from Edward Witten, Maxim Kontsevich, and others, revealed deep connections between knot theory and mathematical methods in statistical mechanics and quantum field theory.

It is located in the Ruhr area and is surrounded by the cities of Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Herne, Castrop-Rauxel, Dortmund, Witten and Hattingen.

The best studied and simplest of covariant interacting string field theories was constructed by Edward Witten.

Following Witten, who was motivated by ideas from noncommutative geometry, it is conventional to introduce the-product defined implicitly through

In the 16th century Witten was influenced by Martin Luther's Reformation, and until the late 19th century, Witten was a predominantly Protestant town with just a few Catholic inhabitants.

There are four mosques in Witten, Annen and Herbede today, founded by immigrants from Turkey who arrived in the 1970s and 1980s.

In 2003, Edward Witten proposed to unite twistor and string theory by embedding the topological B model of string theory in twistor space.

The full set of corrections for SU ( 2 ) Yang – Mills theory was calculated by Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten in Electric – magnetic duality, monopole condensation, and confinement in N = 2 supersymmetric Yang – Mills theory, in the process creating a subject that is today known as Seiberg-Witten theory.

Witten gave an explanation of these inequalities by using the Morse function to modify the exterior derivative in the de Rham complex.

Gravitational Anomalies by Luis Alvarez-Gaumé and Edward Witten: This classic paper, which introduces pure gravitational anomalies, contains a good general introduction to anomalies and their relation to regularization and to conserved currents.

Armed with this new nonperturbative tool, Edward Witten and many others were able to show that all of the perturbative string theories were descriptions of different states in a single theory which he named M-theory.

In the 1990s it was realized by Edward Witten ( building on previous insights by Michael Duff, Paul Townsend, and others ) that the limit of type IIA string theory in which the string coupling goes to infinity becomes a new 11-dimensional theory called M-theory.

A better and especially dryer spot for the Cistercian monastery was found in an area known as Witten, where at the time only a few farms were located.

It was demonstrated using D-brane cartoons by Amihay Hanany and Edward Witten 4 months later, where they found that it is a consequence of S-duality in type IIB string theory.

In particular, in the N = 4 case with SU ( 2 ) gauge symmetry, the metric on the moduli space was found by Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten using holomorphy and supersymmetric nonrenormalization theorems several days before Intriligator and Seiberg's 3-dimensional mirror symmetry paper appeared.