He was also the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event, while his successor Xenophon ( c. 431 – 355 BC ) introduced autobiographical elements and character studies in his Anabasis.

While Xenophon and Plato also described realistic politics, and were closer to Machiavelli than Aristotle was, they, like Aristotle, also saw Philosophy as something higher than politics.

Xenophon (, Xenophōn ; c. 430 – 354 BC ), son of Gryllus, of the deme Erchia of Athens, also known as Xenophon of Athens, was a Greek historian, soldier, mercenary, philosopher and a contemporary and admirer of Socrates.

The work is found in manuscripts among the short works of Xenophon, as though he had written it also.

Boys lived in communal messes and, according to Xenophon, whose sons attended the agoge, the boys were fed " just the right amount for them never to become sluggish through being too full, while also giving them a taste of what it is not to have enough.

Herodotus presents the Lydian accounts of the conversation with Solon ( Histories 1. 29 -. 33 ), the tragedy of Croesus ' son Atys ( Histories 1. 34 -. 45 ) and the fall of Croesus ( Histories 1. 85 -. 89 ); Xenophon instances Croesus in his panegyric fictionalized biography of Cyrus: Cyropaedia, 7. 1 ; and Ctesias, whose account is also an encomium of Cyrus.

Xenophon also tells us that the son became a drunk.

Theramenes also appears in several ancient narrative histories: Thucydides ' account includes the beginnings of Theramenes ' career, and Xenophon, picking up where Thucydides left off, gives a detailed account of several episodes from Theramenes career ; Diodorus Siculus, probably drawing his account from Ephorus at most points, provides another account that varies widely from Xenophon's at several points.

Soon after Plato, Xenophon wrote his own Symposium ; also, Aristotle is said to have written several philosophical dialogues in Plato's style ( none of which have survived ).

The exact date of the Sacred Band's creation and whether it was created before or after the Symposium of Plato ( c. 424 – 347 BC ) and the similarly titled Symposium by his rival Xenophon ( c. 430 – 354 BC ), has also long been debated.

According to Jablonski, the name is also Phrygian and could be " compared with the royal appellation Artemas of Xenophon.

He also edited the Ars poetica and Satires of Horace, the Agricola of Tacitus, the romance of Xenophon of Ephesus, and was the author of a history of the Latin poets of the Netherlands ( De vita, doctrina, et facultate Nederlandorum qui carmina latina composuerunt, 1838 ).

The Greek general Xenophon ( 430 − 354 BC ), an eyewitness at the battle of Cunaxa, tells of them: " These had thin scythes extending at an angle from the axles and also under the driver's seat, turned toward the ground ".

The spur was used by the Celts during the La Tène period ( which began in the 5th century BC ), and is also mentioned by Xenophon ( c. 430-354 BC.

Theon also wrote commentaries on Xenophon, Isocrates and Demosthenes, and treatises on style.

Independent and other individual senators have also exercised influence, e. g., Brian Harradine ( 1975 – 2005 ), Family First's Steve Fielding ( 2005 – 2011 ), and Nick Xenophon ( 2008-current ); and, variously from 1984, representatives of the Nuclear Disarmament Party and One Nation.

Xenophon also wrote three works in praise of the philosopher Socrates: Apology, Symposium, and Memorabilia.

Xenophon also gives reference to Mandane in his Cyropœdia ( The Education of Cyrus ).

Notably, the Constitution of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians, long attributed to Xenophon ( another of Socrates ' pupils ), and the Constitution of the Athenians, an apocryphal work attributed Aristotle, have also survived.

He also cites examples from Polybius and Plutarch, as well as Xenophon.

Typically Xenophon introduces the reason why he is writing about a particular conversation, and he will also occasionally interject a remark into the narrative, or at its conclusion.

* The Art of Riding, set foorth in a breefe treatise, with a due interpretation of certeine places alledged out of Xenophon, and Gryson, very expert and excellent horsemen ; wherein also the true vse of the hand by the said Grysons rules and precepts is speciallie touched ; and how the author of this present worke hath put the same in practise ; also what profit men may reape thereby ; without the knowledge whereof, all the residue of the art of riding is but vaine.

Leo Strauss argued that the strong influence of Xenophon, a student of Socrates more known as an historian, rhetorician and soldier, was a major source of Socratic ideas for Machiavelli, sometimes not in line with Aristotle.

Xenophon's standing as a political philosopher has been defended in recent times by Leo Strauss, who devoted a considerable part of his philosophic analysis to the works of Xenophon, returning to the high judgment of Xenophon as a thinker expressed by Shaftesbury, Winckelmann, Machiavelli, and John Adams.

Leo Strauss has argued that this work is in fact by Xenophon, whose ironic posing he believes has been utterly missed by contemporary scholarship.

* Leo Strauss ' Seminar Transcripts on Xenophon ( 1962, 1966 ); and an audio recording of the entire course on Xenophon's Oeconomicus ( 1969 ) are available for reading, listening or download.

While Jacoby, responding to claims that Callisthenes was unreliable in accounts of land battles in contrast to Xenophon, pointed out that Callisthenes did accurately describe the details on the Battle of Tegyra.

When Xenophon and the Ten Thousand mercenaries were fighting their way out of Persia, the first Greek city they reached was Trebizond ( Xenophon, Anabasis, 5. 5. 10 ).

Xenophon, in contrast, relates that the entire Athenian fleet came out as usual on the day of the battle, and Lysander remained in the harbor.

Xenophon claims that only a few of the Thespians were killed and that the maneuver of Gorgidas was out of necessity, not deliberate.

Xenophon ( Hellenika 5. 2. 1-3 ) described the left wing of that Theban army as " like a trireme, with the spur of the prow out in front.

Xenophon also has Socrates speak with craftsmen and statuaries ( Memorabilia 3. 10 ), but never has him point out that he's the son of a stonemason himself.

The Athenian author and soldier Xenophon in particular advocated the creation of a small but well-trained cavalry force ; to that end, he wrote several manuals on horsemanship and cavalry operations.

Diogenes Laertius states that Xenophon was sometimes known as the " Attic Muse " for the sweetness of his diction ; very few poets wrote in the Attic dialect.

The historian Xenophon wrote a scathing account of Theramenes ' actions after Arginusae, but portrayed his resistance to the Thirty Tyrants favorably.

Xenophon wrote one of the classic mirrors of princes, the Education of Cyrus.

wrote: " The Cyrus of Xenophon was a hero to many a literary man of the sixteenth century, but for Machiavelli he lived ".

Xenophon, for example, wrote the Cyropaedia, a laudatory fictionalised account of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Persian empire, effectively a utopian text.

Among the most notable were the historians Herodotus ( 484 – 425 ), who described the Greco-Persian Wars ; Thucydides ( 460 – 395 ), who wrote the great History of the Peloponnesian War ; and Xenophon ( 427 – 335 ), who, although sometimes considered a partial and poorly documented writer, in the opinion of historians left a useful source of information about the first years of the 4th century BC.

He wrote a history of his consulship ( De consulatu et de rebus gestis suis ) in the manner of Xenophon.

Hardy wrote quickly, often adapting plays from French, foreign and classical sources ( Ovid, Lucian, Plutarch, Xenophon, Quintus Curtius Rufus, Josephus, Miguel de Cervantes, Jorge de Montemayor, Boccaccio, François de Rosset ).

For example, Xenophon wrote his Hellenica as a continuation of Thucydides ' work, beginning at the exact moment that Thucydides ' History leaves off.

Xenophon, who wrote his own Apology of Socrates, indicates that a number of writers had published accounts of Socrates ' defense.

* Xenophon ( 427-355 BC ): Greek general, the earliest European master with surviving treatises, wrote On Horsemanship which advocated the use of sympathetic training of the horse.

In addition to Plato and Xenophon, Antisthenes, Aeschines of Sphettos, Phaedo of Elis, Euclid of Megara, Simon the Shoemaker, Theocritus, Tissaphernes and Aristotle all wrote Socratic dialogues, and Cicero wrote similar dialogues in Latin on philosophical and rhetorical themes, for example De re publica.

Henry Graham Dakyns, a Victorian-era scholar who translated many works by both Plato and Xenophon, believed that Plato knew of this work, and that it influenced him to some degree when he wrote his own Symposium.

Though some scholars have argued that the long speech of Socrates contains later additions, and opinion is divided as to which author was first to write a Socratic symposium, recent scholarship generally holds that Xenophon wrote the Symposium in the second half of the 360s, benefiting from Plato's former Socratic literature.

We learn from Diogenes Laërtius that Onesicritus wrote a work about Alexander called How Alexander was Educated (), imitating the style of Xenophon, though he fell short of him as a copy does of the original.

The Old Oligarch says that lengthy land expeditions cannot be supplied against a sea power ; since Brasidas marched the length of Greece in 424 BC, when Xenophon was about five, the Old Oligarch presumably wrote before that date.

Attic Orators, Plato, Xenophon and Aristotle wrote in Attic proper, Thucydides in Old Attic, the dramatists in an artificial poetic language while the Attic Comedy contains several vernacular elements.