He was also the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event, while his successor Xenophon ( c. 431 – 355 BC ) introduced autobiographical elements and character studies in his Anabasis.

While Xenophon and Plato also described realistic politics, and were closer to Machiavelli than Aristotle was, they, like Aristotle, also saw Philosophy as something higher than politics.

Xenophon (, Xenophōn ; c. 430 – 354 BC ), son of Gryllus, of the deme Erchia of Athens, also known as Xenophon of Athens, was a Greek historian, soldier, mercenary, philosopher and a contemporary and admirer of Socrates.

The work is found in manuscripts among the short works of Xenophon, as though he had written it also.

Boys lived in communal messes and, according to Xenophon, whose sons attended the agoge, the boys were fed " just the right amount for them never to become sluggish through being too full, while also giving them a taste of what it is not to have enough.

Herodotus presents the Lydian accounts of the conversation with Solon ( Histories 1. 29 -. 33 ), the tragedy of Croesus ' son Atys ( Histories 1. 34 -. 45 ) and the fall of Croesus ( Histories 1. 85 -. 89 ); Xenophon instances Croesus in his panegyric fictionalized biography of Cyrus: Cyropaedia, 7. 1 ; and Ctesias, whose account is also an encomium of Cyrus.

Theramenes also appears in several ancient narrative histories: Thucydides ' account includes the beginnings of Theramenes ' career, and Xenophon, picking up where Thucydides left off, gives a detailed account of several episodes from Theramenes career ; Diodorus Siculus, probably drawing his account from Ephorus at most points, provides another account that varies widely from Xenophon's at several points.

Xenophon also, as Strauss pointed out, wrote a dialogue, Hiero which showed a wise man dealing sympathetically with a tyrant, coming close to what Machiavelli would do in questioning the ideal of " the imagined prince ".

Soon after Plato, Xenophon wrote his own Symposium ; also, Aristotle is said to have written several philosophical dialogues in Plato's style ( none of which have survived ).

The exact date of the Sacred Band's creation and whether it was created before or after the Symposium of Plato ( c. 424 – 347 BC ) and the similarly titled Symposium by his rival Xenophon ( c. 430 – 354 BC ), has also long been debated.

According to Jablonski, the name is also Phrygian and could be " compared with the royal appellation Artemas of Xenophon.

He also edited the Ars poetica and Satires of Horace, the Agricola of Tacitus, the romance of Xenophon of Ephesus, and was the author of a history of the Latin poets of the Netherlands ( De vita, doctrina, et facultate Nederlandorum qui carmina latina composuerunt, 1838 ).

The Greek general Xenophon ( 430 − 354 BC ), an eyewitness at the battle of Cunaxa, tells of them: " These had thin scythes extending at an angle from the axles and also under the driver's seat, turned toward the ground ".

The spur was used by the Celts during the La Tène period ( which began in the 5th century BC ), and is also mentioned by Xenophon ( c. 430-354 BC.

Theon also wrote commentaries on Xenophon, Isocrates and Demosthenes, and treatises on style.

Independent and other individual senators have also exercised influence, e. g., Brian Harradine ( 1975 – 2005 ), Family First's Steve Fielding ( 2005 – 2011 ), and Nick Xenophon ( 2008-current ); and, variously from 1984, representatives of the Nuclear Disarmament Party and One Nation.

Xenophon also wrote three works in praise of the philosopher Socrates: Apology, Symposium, and Memorabilia.

Xenophon also gives reference to Mandane in his Cyropœdia ( The Education of Cyrus ).

Notably, the Constitution of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians, long attributed to Xenophon ( another of Socrates ' pupils ), and the Constitution of the Athenians, an apocryphal work attributed Aristotle, have also survived.

He also cites examples from Polybius and Plutarch, as well as Xenophon.

Typically Xenophon introduces the reason why he is writing about a particular conversation, and he will also occasionally interject a remark into the narrative, or at its conclusion.

* The Art of Riding, set foorth in a breefe treatise, with a due interpretation of certeine places alledged out of Xenophon, and Gryson, very expert and excellent horsemen ; wherein also the true vse of the hand by the said Grysons rules and precepts is speciallie touched ; and how the author of this present worke hath put the same in practise ; also what profit men may reape thereby ; without the knowledge whereof, all the residue of the art of riding is but vaine.

Though not explicitly stated, this was probably the Spartan attack on Mantinea in 385 BC, as described by Xenophon ; Plutarch tells us that Epaminondas was there as part of a Theban force aiding the Spartans, so this battle fits the description.

When the Ten Thousand started their journey in 401 BC, Xenophon tells us that they numbered around 10, 400.

And their submission seems to have been something more than nominal considering that Xenophon tells us that Cyrus assigned to a son called Tanaoxares ( probably Smerdis ) the satrapy of Cadusia.

Think of the barren image we should have of Socrates, had the works of Plato and Xenophon not come down to us and were we wholly dependent upon Aristophanes ' description of this Athenian philosopher.

The earliest western shorthand system known to us is that employed by the Greek historian, Xenophon in the memoir of Socrates, called notae socratae.

The earliest western shorthand system known to us is that employed by the Greek historian, Xenophon in the memoir of Socrates, called notæ socratæ.

Senator Xenophon told the media ; " Show us the advice, otherwise his opinion and his decision not to act lacks credibility ... Only by releasing the legal advice will the Attorney-General show that he has a genuine commitment to justice in the McGee case ".

However, according to Xenophon, Polydorus was murdered by his brother Polyphron, who was, in turn, murdered by his nephew Alexander — son of Jason, in 369 BC.

Larissa was indeed the birthplace of Meno, who thus became, along with Xenophon and a few others, one of the generals leading several thousands Greeks from various places, in the ill-fated expedition of 401 ( retold in Xenophon's Anabasis ) meant to help Cyrus the Younger, son of Darius II, king of Persia, overthrow his elder brother Artaxerxes II and take over the throne of Persia ( Meno is featured in Plato's dialogue bearing his name, in which Socrates uses the example of " the way to Larissa " to help explain Meno the difference between true opinion and science ( Meno, 97a – c ) ; this " way to Larissa " might well be on the part of Socrates an attempt to call to Meno's mind a " way home ", understood as the way toward one's true and " eternal " home reached only at death, that each man is supposed to seek in his life ).

However, because his son Gryllus fought and died for Athens at the Battle of Mantinea while Xenophon was still alive, Xenophon's banishment may have been revoked.

Josephus names Astyages as the father of Darius the Mede, and the description of the latter as uncle and father-in-law of Cyrus by mediaeval Jewish commentators matches that of Cyaxares II, who is said to be the son of Astyages by Xenophon.

Mithridates ( in Greek Mιθριδάτης ; lived 4th century BC ), son of Ariobarzanes prince of Cius, is mentioned by Xenophon as having betrayed his father, and the same circumstance is alluded to by Aristotle.

Xenophon also has Socrates speak with craftsmen and statuaries ( Memorabilia 3. 10 ), but never has him point out that he's the son of a stonemason himself.

The Thracian helmet was worn by Macedonian cavalry in King Philip's day but his son Alexander is said to have preferred the open-faced Boeotian helmet for his cavalry, as recommended by Xenophon.

Xenophon ( 431-355 BC ), a Greek mercenary commander in Persian service, who later became a historian

Martin became acting governor after the expiration of the state senate term of Xenophon Overton Pindall.

Eventually even greaves became less commonly used, although degrees of heavier armour remained, as attested by Xenophon as late as 401 BC.

The Byzantine historians thus represent not only the social but also the intellectual flower of their time, resembling in this their Greek predecessors, Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Polybius, who became their guides and models.

In Greece, Hesiod, Aristotle and Xenophon promoted agrarian ideas.

Earlier Pliny says that a large island of three days ' sail from the Scythian coast called Balcia by Xenophon of Lampsacus is called Basilia by Pytheas.

According to Xenophon, Agesilaus, in order to gain money for prosecuting the war, supported the satrap Ariobarzanes II in his revolt against Artaxerxes II in 364 BC ( Revolt of the Satraps ), and in 361 BC he went to Egypt at the head of a mercenary force to aid the king Nectanebo I and his regent Teos against Persia.

The ancient historian Xenophon was a huge admirer and served under Agesilaus during the campaigns into Asia Minor.

* Xenophon.

( A long account in Xenophon Hellenica 1. 7. 1 – 35 )

The temple may have been burnt down in 406 / 405 BC as Xenophon mentions that the old temple of Athena was set on fire.

Pliny mentions an island named Baltia ( or Balcia ) with reference to accounts of Pytheas and Xenophon.

Xenophon notes that at his time, 90 years after the battle, goats were still offered yearly.

Some implicate either Halotus, his taster, Xenophon, his doctor, or the infamous poisoner Locusta as the administrator of the fatal substance.

The Athenian author and soldier Xenophon in particular advocated the creation of a small but well-trained cavalry force ; to that end, he wrote several manuals on horsemanship and cavalry operations.

The campaigns of Xenophon illustrated how very vulnerable it had become to attack by an army organised along Greek lines, but the Greek city-states had weakened each other irreparably through in-fighting.

The ancient Greek horse trainer Xenophon mentioned nothing about horseshoes in his treatise on the care of military cavalry, nor did the Digesta Artis Mulomedicinae by Vegetius Renatus, written in the 4th or 5th century AD, mention nailed-on shoes, though he accurately enumerated everything connected with an army forge in the time.

Scholar David Aune has argued that the gospels were modeled after classical Greco-Roman biographies, and Justin's use of the term apomnemoneumata to mean all the Synoptic Gospels should be understood as referring to a written biography such as the Memorabilia of Xenophon because they preserve the authentic teachings of Jesus.

) An early example of the Greek form of the name is in a 4th century BC work by Xenophon, the Cyropaedia, which is a biography of the Persian king Cyrus the Great.

This was a classically influenced genre, with models at least as far back as Xenophon and Isocrates, that was still quite popular during Machiavelli's life.

Xenophon, author of the Cyropedia.

Classical political philosophy: Xenophon, Plato and Aristotle.

Leo Strauss argued that the strong influence of Xenophon, a student of Socrates more known as an historian, rhetorician and soldier, was a major source of Socratic ideas for Machiavelli, sometimes not in line with Aristotle.

In the days of the Greek historians Ctesias and Herodotus, 400 BC, Nineveh had become a thing of the past ; and when Xenophon the historian passed the place in the Retreat of the Ten Thousand the very memory of its name had been lost.