Xenophon, one of three remaining leaders elected by the soldiers, played an instrumental role in encouraging the Greek army of 10, 000 to march north across foodless deserts and snow-filled mountain passes towards the Black Sea and the comparative security of its Greek shoreline cities.

It is possible to guess, then, that Socrates ' opponents had cited his poor or distant relationship with his wife and or mother, and that Xenophon was concerned to counter this ; with an anecdote showing Socrates did have great respect, at least, for the role of mothers held in society.

The writings of Xenophon expresses Socrates perception of the role of aristocratic women as that of weaving and managing the slaves of the household, while the men having citizenship rights can move freely in the public sphere.

Xenophon claims that, unwilling to challenge Sparta directly, the Thebans instead chose to precipitate a war by encouraging their allies, the Locrians, to collect taxes from territory claimed by both Locris and Phocis.

In the days of the Greek historians Ctesias and Herodotus, 400 BC, Nineveh had become a thing of the past ; and when Xenophon the historian passed the place in the Retreat of the Ten Thousand the very memory of its name had been lost.

Route of Xenophon and the Ten Thousand ( Greek ) | Ten Thousand

* The Long March: Xenophon and the Ten Thousand, edited by Robin Lane Fox.

Xenophon described the odd behavior of Greek soldiers after having consumed honey in a village surrounded by Rhododendron ponticum during the march of the Ten Thousand in 401 BC.

When Xenophon and the Ten Thousand mercenaries were fighting their way out of Persia, the first Greek city they reached was Trebizond ( Xenophon, Anabasis, 5. 5. 10 ).

* In Anabasis, Xenophon recounts how Cyrus the Younger hired a large army of Greek mercenaries ( the " Ten Thousand ") in 401 BC to seize the throne of Persia from his brother, Artaxerxes II.

Route of Cyrus the Younger, Xenophon and the Ten Thousand ( Greek ) | Ten Thousand mercenaries

Their eventual success, the march of the Ten Thousand, was recorded by Xenophon in his Anabasis.

The field is therefore open for him to do for the Macedonian king what Pindar had done for the Deinomenid tyrants and Xenophon for the march of the Ten Thousand ".

The Greek general Xenophon records in his Anabasis that the Armenians burned their crops and food supplies as they withdrew before the advance of the Ten Thousand.

Xenophon accompanied the Ten Thousand, a large army of Greek mercenaries hired by Cyrus the Younger, who intended to seize the throne of Persia from his brother, Artaxerxes II.

Route of Cyrus the Younger, Xenophon and the Ten Thousand ( Greek ) | Ten Thousand.

While the journey of Cyrus himself is indeed an anabasis from Ionia on the eastern coast of the Aegean Sea to the interior of Asia Minor and Mesopotamia, most of Xenophon's narrative is taken up with the return march of Xenophon and the Ten Thousand from the interior of Babylon to the coast of the Black Sea.

Among Haydon's other pictures were: Eucles and Punch ( 1829 ); Napoleon at St Helena, for Sir Robert Peel ; Xenophon, on his Retreat with the ' Ten Thousand ,' first seeing the Sea ; and Waiting for the Times, purchased by the Marquis of Stafford ( all 1831 ); and Falstaff and Achilles playing the Lyre ( 1832 ).

This was amply illustrated later on by the Ten Thousand and Xenophon.

** Xenophon, on his Retreat with the Ten Thousand, first seeing the Sea, painting by Benjamin Haydon

Xenophon was away at the time of the events, involved in the events of the march of the Ten Thousand.

Route of Xenophon and the Ten Thousand.

According to Xenophon, the Ten Thousand were composed of:

When the Ten Thousand started their journey in 401 BC, Xenophon tells us that they numbered around 10, 400.

The campaigns of Xenophon illustrated how very vulnerable it had become to attack by an army organised along Greek lines, but the Greek city-states had weakened each other irreparably through in-fighting.

The ancient Greek horse trainer Xenophon mentioned nothing about horseshoes in his treatise on the care of military cavalry, nor did the Digesta Artis Mulomedicinae by Vegetius Renatus, written in the 4th or 5th century AD, mention nailed-on shoes, though he accurately enumerated everything connected with an army forge in the time.

) An early example of the Greek form of the name is in a 4th century BC work by Xenophon, the Cyropaedia, which is a biography of the Persian king Cyrus the Great.

Xenophon, Ancient Greece | Greek historian

Xenophon (, Xenophōn ; c. 430 – 354 BC ), son of Gryllus, of the deme Erchia of Athens, also known as Xenophon of Athens, was a Greek historian, soldier, mercenary, philosopher and a contemporary and admirer of Socrates.

" Xenophon " in The Dictionary of Literary Biography: Greek Writers.

* Xenophon, Greek mercenary and writer ( d. c. 355 BC )

* June 11 – Xenophon Zolotas, Greek economist, interim 177th Prime Minister of Greece ( b. 1904 )

* Xenophon, Greek historian, soldier, mercenary and an admirer of Socrates ( d. 354 BC )

The Greek historian Xenophon ( 450-355 B. C.

According to Pliny the Elder, the Greek Xenophon of Lampsacus states that the Gorgades ( Cape Verde ) are situated two days from " Hesperu Ceras "-today called Cap-Vert, the westernmost part of the African continent.

While the Roman biographer Cornelius Nepos charges him with " cruelty and perfidy ", Lysander – according to Xenophon – nonetheless spared the population of captured Greek poleis such as Lampsacus, perhaps in order to gain a useful reputation for mildness.

They fight their way north through hostile Persians, Armenians, and Kurds to Trapezus on the coast of the Black Sea under Xenophon, who becomes their leader when the Persian satrap, Tissaphernes has Clearchus of Sparta and the other senior Greek captains captured and executed by Artaxerxes.

Cilicia Pedias (" flat Cilicia "— Greek: Κιλικία Πεδιάς ; Assyrian Kue ), to the east, included the rugged spurs of Taurus and a large coastal plain, with rich loamy soil, known to the Greeks such as Xenophon, who passed through with his 10, 000 Greek mercenaries, for its abundance ( euthemia ), filled with sesame and millet and olives and pasturage for the horses imported by Solomon.

Xenophon says that, having decided to fight, Epaminondas arranged the army into battle order, and then marched it in a column parallel to the Mantinean lines, so that it appeared that the army was marching elsewhere, and would not fight that day.

Xenophon evocatively describes Epaminondas's thinking: " led forward his army prow on, like a trireme, believing that if he could strike and cut through anywhere, he would destroy the entire army of his adversaries.

According to Xenophon, the Boeotian camp followers were trying to leave the field, as they did not intend to fight ; this Spartan action drove them back into the Theban army, inadvertently making the Theban force stronger.

Xenophon gives the strength of the Persian army at an impossible 1, 200, 000 men, excluding the scythed chariots.

) They were part of the royal army council and the royal escort ( δαμοσία ) ( Xenophon, Hell.

Xenophon ( Hellenika 5. 2. 1-3 ) described the left wing of that Theban army as " like a trireme, with the spur of the prow out in front.

For example in the Hellenica Xenophon writes ' When Dercylidas learned this ( that a Persian army was nearby ), he ordered his officers to form their men in line, eight ranks deep ( the hoplite phalanx ), as quickly as possible, and to station the peltasts on either wing along with the cavalry.

However, most later scholars have taken one particular argument, the argument against an army of lovers in Socrates ' final speech, as proof that Xenophon had based his work on Plato's, since this concept is mentioned in Plato's work.

At night, they were placed as sentinels ahead of the army ( Xenophon, Constitution of the Spartans, xii.