Analyses have shown a greater diversity of DNA patterns throughout Africa, consistent with the idea that Africa is the ancestral home of mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam.

Y-chromosomal Adam probably lived between 60, 000 and 200, 000 years ago, judging from molecular clock and genetic marker studies.

* Y-chromosomal Adam

Mitochondrial Eve is the female counterpart of Y-chromosomal Adam, the patrilineal most recent common ancestor, although they lived thousands of years apart.

Sometimes mitochondrial Eve is assumed to have lived at the same time as Y-chromosomal Adam, perhaps even meeting and mating with him.

Like mitochondrial " Eve ", Y-chromosomal " Adam " probably lived in Africa ; however, this " Eve " lived much earlier than this " Adam " – perhaps some 50, 000 to 80, 000 years earlier.

*" Y-chromosomal Adam ", the most recent male-line common ancestor of all living men, was much more recent than Mitochondrial Eve, but is also likely to have been long before the Identical ancestors point.

* Y-chromosomal Adam

The authors of these studies suggested that the Khoisan ( actually the San ) may have been one of the first populations to differentiate from the most recent common paternal ancestor of all extant humans, the so-called Y-chromosomal Adam by patrilineal descent, estimated to have lived 60, 000 to 90, 000 years ago.

In human genetics, Y-chromosomal Adam ( Y-MRCA ) is the most recent common ancestor ( MRCA ) from whom all living people are descended patrilineally ( tracing back only along the paternal lines of their family tree ).

Recent studies report that Y-chromosomal Adam lived as early as around 142, 000 years ago.

Y-chromosomal Adam and Mitochondrial Eve need not have lived at the same time.

The existence of a Y-chromosomal Adam was determined by applying the theories of molecular evolution to the Y chromosome.

Y-chromosomal Adam is positioned at the root of the family tree as the Y chromosomes of all living males are descended from his Y chromosome.

By reversing known mutations in a Y-chromosome lineage, a hypothetical ancestral sequence for the MRCA, Y-chromosomal Adam, can be inferred.

The existence of Y-chromosomal Adam was confirmed by a worldwide sample of Y chromosomes that included individuals from all continents.

This suggested Africa was the most likely home of Y-chromosomal Adam.

The title " Y-chromosomal Adam " is not permanently fixed on a single individual.

In addition, demographic changes during the course of human evolution would have frequently caused the title of Y-chromosomal Adam to change hands.

The following events would change the individual designated Y-chromosomal Adam:

Because of these factors, the title " Y-chromosomal Adam " has changed hands numerous times.

Y-chromosomal Adam had at least two sons and two of his sons have unbroken lineages that have survived to the present day.

Y-chromosomal Adam was represented as the root of these two lineages.

It is the second most predominant Y-chromosomal haplogroup in the overall Slavic gene pool.

It is the most predominant Y-chromosomal haplogroup in the overall Slavic gene pool.

( Y-chromosomal DNA, paternally inherited, is used in an analogous way to trace the agnate lineage.

Because knowledge of human Y chromosomes is still incomplete, Y-chromosomal Adam's DNA sequence, his position in the family tree, the time when lived, and his place of origin, are all subject to future revisions.

Y-chromosomal Adam is named after the Biblical Adam.

The Bushmen's Y-chromosomal DNA haplogroup ( type A ) is one of the oldest, splitting off around 70, 000 years ago from those found in the rest of humanity ( type BT ).

Y-chromosomal Aaron is the name given to the hypothesised most recent common ancestor of many of the patrilineal Jewish priestly caste known as Kohanim ( singular " Kohen ", " Cohen ", or Kohane ).

ARNAS ROCK or will have contributed to one's autosomal DNA is concerned: this excludes Y-chromosomal DNA and mitochondrial DNA.

Choosing a very restrictive gene such as mtDNA which is only inherited along the female lineage Mitochondrial Eve or the male equivalent Y-chromosomal Adam are examples of such MRCAs which yields TMRCA estimates orders of magnitude further back in time than TMRCA if any possible line of descendancy is allowed.

Y-chromosomal Adam is estimated to have lived around 60, 000 years ago.

( 2003 ) indicates that: "( 1 ) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small ; ( 2 ) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated ; ( 3 ) the Austro-Asiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others ; ( 4 ) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast ; ( 5 ) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austro-Asiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes ; ( 6 ) the Dravidian tribals were possibly widespread throughout India before the arrival of the Indo-European-speaking nomads, but retreated to southern India to avoid dominance ; ( 7 ) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations ; ( 8 ) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India ; ( 9 ) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities.

Unfortunately, the haplotype dating methodology employed by the Sengupta paper is based on the " evolutionarily effective " mutation rate for Y-chromosomal STR loci, a method which has been severely criticized by Balanovsky et al.

It can be used to trace patrilineal inheritance and to find the Y-chromosomal Adam, the most recent common ancestor of all humans via the Y-DNA pathway.

* Haplogroup N ( Y-DNA ), a former human Y-chromosomal haplogroup, now N1c

Determining Y-chromosomal Adam's DNA sequence, and the time when he lived, involves identifying the human Y-chromosome lineages that are most divergent from each other — the lineages that share the least unique mutations with each other when compared to a non-human primate sequence in a phylogenetic tree.

* Haplogroup I2 ( Y-DNA ), the human Y-chromosomal haplogroup

The hypothetical most recent common ancestor was therefore jocularly dubbed " Y-chromosomal Aaron ", in analogy to Y-chromosomal Adam.

In a 2011 study examining the effects of microsatellite choice and Y-chromosomal variation, the authors conclude: " Subsequently, we suggest that most STR-based Y chromosome dates are likely to be underestimates due to the molecular characteristics of the markers commonly used, such as their mutation rate and the range of potential alleles that STR can take, which potentially leads to a loss of time-linearity.