Holding that there are similarities between the experience on mescaline, the mania in a manic-depressive psychosis and the visions of God of a mystical saint suggests, for Zaehner, that the saint ’ s visions must be the same as those of a lunatic.

in Oriental Studies from Oxford University, in February 1973, with a dissertation on ‘ The Origins of Heresy in Hindu Mythology ,’ supervised by R. C. Zaehner.

Born on 8 April 1913 in Sevenoaks, Kent, the son of Swiss immigrants to England, Zaehner was educated nearby at Tonbridge School.

Back in Britain, Zaehner took up again his academic research on Zoroastrianism, while also continuing his work as an MI6 officer.

With insight and learning ( and his war-time experience ) Zaehner shed light on key issues in contemporary spiritual life, writing abundantly.

Zaehner wrote extensively on comparative religion, as well as on mysticism.

Prominent among his contributions, Zaehner criticized on several occasions the simplistic idea of the mystical unity of all religions ; he based his contrary ideas and proposals on the historic texts written by well-known mystics of various traditions, which contain descriptions of their experiences, often with their interpretive theology as well.

" Zaehner relies on Hindu mystics because of their relative freedom from creed or dogma.

Chapter III ( 156-198 ) on Zaehner.

* Lloyd Newell, Struggle and Submission: R. C. Zaehner on Mysticisms.

Brannon Hancock writes that the philosophers Arthur Prior and Sir Anthony Kenny had a great intellectual influence on Clark at Balliol, while Robin Zaehner was one of his greatest influences at All Souls.

On these experiential foundations, Zaehner explores the spiritual treasures left to us by the mystics of the Santana Dharma and of Islam.

It was probably the criticisms of The Doors of Perception put forward by Robert Charles Zaehner, a professor at Oxford University, that formed the fullest and earliest critiques from a religious and philosophical perspective.

In his later book Our Savage God, especially in his essay " Rot in the Clockwork Orange ", Zaehner argued against aspects of an ancient monism which he saw as leading logically to excess, not only of the kind propagated by Timothy Leary, or even earlier by Aleister Crowley, but perhaps eventually, ultimately to the criminal depravity of Charles Manson.

The appendices to Mysticism Sacred and Profane include three accounts of mescaline experiences, including those of Zaehner himself.

By Dr. Zaehner, the author of Mysticism, Sacred and Profane, their deliberate induction is regarded as immoral.

Ascent and acceptance below ), it is generally accepted that Zurvanism was a branch of greater Zoroastrianism ( Boyce 1957: 157-304 ); that the doctrine of Zurvan was a sacerdotal response to resolve a perceived inconsistency in the sacred texts ( Zaehner, 1955, intro ; See development of the " twin brother " doctrine below ); and that this doctrine was probably introduced during the second half of the Achaemenid era ( Henning, 1951 ; loc.

Zaehner enjoyed " a prodigious gift for languages " and later acquired reading knowledge of Sanskrit ( for Hindu scriptures ), Pali ( for Buddhist ), and Arabic ( for Islamic ).

Zaehner also wrote from a wider perspective in his The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism ( 1961 ), where he explores the era of the founding of the religion by its prophet Zarathushtra ( for whom Zaehner gives traditional sixth century BCE dates ), and later its decline, when there arose doctrines concerning Zurvan i Akanarak Time, and of the savior Saoshyans.

In 1954, Zaehner published an article called The Menace of Mescaline, in which he asserted that " artificial interference with consciousness " could have nothing to do with the Christian " Beatific Vision ".

Thus Zaehner became engaged in the failed 1951 British effort to topple the government of Iran and return oil production to an entity controlled by the British government, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, which had been in effect nationalized by Mossadegh.

Zaehner also provided a suggestive commentary regarding, e. g., the conjunction of unique and differing faiths.

Zaehner criticises what he sees as Huxley ’ s apparent call for all religious people to use drugs ( including alcohol ) as part of their practices.

Zaehner concludes that Huxley ’ s apprehensions under mescaline are affected by his deep familiarity with Vedanta and Mahayana Buddhism.

Later Huxley responded to Zaehner in an article published in 1961: " For most of those to whom the experiences have been vouchsafed, their value is self-evident.

Like Aldous Huxley he had taken mescalin, but Zaehner came to a different conclusion.

Quoting St Paul ’ s proscriptions against drunkenness in church, in 1 Corinthians xi, Zaehner makes the point that artificial ecstatic states and spiritual union with God are not the same.

Zaehner himself was a convert to Catholicism.

That the longing to transcend oneself is " one of the principal appetites of the soul " is questioned by Zaehner.

# Zaehner, R. C.

* 1967 – 69 Robert Charles Zaehner Concordant Discord.

Zaehner suggest that he may indeed have been an early contemporary of Cyrus living around 600 BC.

Robert Charles Zaehner ( 1913 – 1974 ) was a British academic who specialised in Eastern religions.

Zaehner was perfectly equipped for the job, speaking the local dialects fluently, and much of his time was spent undercover, operating in the murky and cutthroat world of countersabotage.

In still others which are barely on the threshold of the transition into modernity, the decade can bring significant progress in launching the slow process of developing their human resources and their basic services to the point where an expanded range of developmental activities is possible.

Since that time the demands of the citizens for new and expanded services have placed financial burdens on the state which could not have been foreseen in earlier years.

then his mind moved on to be confronted by something far more serious, and as the thought expanded, the implications jarred him.

He expanded his war powers, and imposed a blockade on all the Confederate shipping ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, and after suspending habeas corpus, arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers.

Under Parthian and Sassanian Iranian empires, scholars concentrated on exchanging knowledge and inventions by the countries around them – India, China, and the Roman Empire, when it is thought to be expanded over the other countries.

His later novels included fixups such as The Beast ( aka Moonbeast ) ( 1963 ), Rogue Ship ( 1965 ), Quest for the Future ( 1970 ) and Supermind ( 1977 ); expanded short stories ( The Darkness on Diamondia ( 1972 ), Future Glitter ( aka Tyranopolis ) ( 1973 ); original novels such as Children of Tomorrow ( 1970 ), The Battle of Forever ( 1971 ) and The Anarchistic Colossus ( 1977 ); plus sequels to his classic works, many of which were promised, but only one of which appeared, Null-A Three ( 1984 ; originally published in French ).

To obtain the needed garrison troops and workers to build and maintain the burhs ' defences, Alfred regularised and vastly expanded the existing ( and, one might add, quite recent ) obligation of landowners to provide ‘ fortress work ’ on the basis of the hidage assessed upon their lands.

Writers Michael Hardt & Antonio Negri have together in their books ( Empire & Multitude ) expanded on this idea of a disunified multitude: humans coming together for shared causes, but lacking the complete sameness of the notion of ' the people '.

The buildings in the old city originate, on the whole, from building projects during the 16th century, when nearly all the Middle Age period buildings were replaced or expanded.

For instance, F could be expanded into an expression for the frictional force acting on an internal flow.

A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum was made into a musical film in 1966, directed by Richard Lester, with Zero Mostel and Jack Gilford re-creating their Broadway stage roles, Leon Greene reprising his West End stage role and Phil Silvers starred in an expanded role as " Marcus Lycus ".

However, in the 1990s, a local company called CCT Boatphone, which had previously provided radio boatphones to tourists on charter boats, expanded into cellular ( mobile ) telecommunications for land-based users.

Then in 1986, William H. Shea, Ph. D. in Archeology, expanded on Lenglet's foundation to include the entire book of Daniel.

In recent years, retailers have expanded deals to " Boxing Week ", and some stores even have " half way to boxing day sales " on 26 June.

The band played regularly on a Tulsa, Oklahoma radio station, and added Leon McAuliffe on steel guitar, pianist Al Stricklin, drummer Smokey Dacus, and a horn section that expanded the band's sound.

In 1960, David Berlo expanded on Shannon and Weaver's ( 1949 ) linear model of communication and created the SMCR Model of Communication.

The PPT won the May 1957 pre-independence elections thanks to a greatly expanded franchise, and Lisette led the government of the Territorial Assembly until he lost a confidence vote on 11 February 1959.

NVA units overran many Cambodian army positions while the CPK expanded their small-scale attacks on lines of communication.

Henry I expanded the system of scutage to reduce the monarchy's dependence on knights supplied from church lands.

Through an empire, colonialism is established and capitalism is expanded, on the other hand a capitalist economy naturally enforces an empire.

Constantius and his successor had expanded the power of Bishops placing them on the same level as civic elites.

It did not catch on as did Dewey's system because Cutter died before it was completely finished, making no provision for the kind of development necessary as the bounds of knowledge expanded and scholarly emphases changed throughout the 20th century.

Whereas Travis's right hand used his index finger for the melody and thumb for bass notes, Atkins expanded his right hand style to include picking with his first three fingers, with the thumb on bass.

What began as a special archive, consisting of the personal document collection of the Brubecks, has since expanded to provide fellowships and educational opportunities in jazz for students, also leading to having one of the main streets the school resides on named in his honor, Dave Brubeck Way .< ref >