While still in Basra, al-Jāḥiẓ wrote an article about the institution of the Caliphate.

Humorous and satirical, it is the best example of al-Jāḥiẓ ' prose style.

The book is considered one of the best works of al-Jāḥiẓ.

Due to the Caliphs ' patronage, his eagerness to reach a wider audience, and establish himself, al-Jāḥiẓ stayed in Baghdad ( and later Samarra ) where he wrote a huge number of his books.

The Caliph al-Ma ' mun wanted al-Jāḥiẓ to teach his children, but then changed his mind when his children got afraid of his boggle-eyes ( جاحظ العينين ), it's said that this is where he got his nickname.

In the work al-Jāḥiẓ speculates on the influence of environment on animals, a concept considered by some to be a precursor to evolution.

But, again, we have no real evidence on this from that quarter until the close of the ninth century A.D., when an Arabic scholar, Tabit Ibn Korra ( 836-901 ) is said to have discussed the magic square of three.

Abdul Alhazred is not a real Arabic name, and seems to contain the Arabic definite article morpheme al-twice in a row ( anomalous in terms of Arabic grammar ).

The word " albemuth " was derived by Dick from the Arabic word Al Behemoth, " the whale ", itself an oblique reference to Fomalhaut, the star Dick at one time believed VALIS came from in real life.

* Khanate of Kashgaria founded in 1514 as part of Djagataide Khanate ; 17th century divided into several minor khanates without importance, real power going to the so-called Khwaja, Arabic Islamic religious leaders ; title changed to Amir Khan in 1873, annexed by China in 1877.

El Qasabgi introduced Umm Kulthum to the Arabic Theatre Palace, where she would experience her first real public success.

Arabic numerals are a family of systems, originating in India and passing to medieval Islamic civilization, then to Europe, and now standard in global culture — and having undergone many curious changes with time and geography — can represent arbitrarily large numbers and have been adapted to negative numbers, fractions, and real numbers.

The Arab population in Palestine opposed the increase of the Jewish population because they perceived the massive influx of Jewish immigrants as a real threat to their national identity and to their attribution to the surrounding Arabic countries.

A riyal ( Arabic: ريال riyāl, named after the Spanish real ) is a unit of currency in some countries, and may refer to:

Al-Nabigha ( Arabic: النابغة الذبياني / al-Nābighah al-Dhubiyānī ; real name Ziyad ibn Muawiyah ; c. 535 – c. 604 ), was one of the last Arabian poets of pre-Islamic times.

Later in another interview on Arabic network, Al Jazeera, he was cut off from the live broadcast, and was quoted as saying " someone injected HIV into Arafat ’ s body before he died and that the real cause of the Palestinian leader ’ s death was poison.

Her real name is Dihyā, Dahyā or Damya ( the Arabic spellings are difficult to distinguish between these variants ).

But even as early as the thirteenth century the Arabs could no longer offer a real resistance to the advancing force of Christian kings ; and with the fall of political power Arabic culture declined, after having been transmitted to the Occident at about the same period, chiefly through the Jews in the north of Spain and in the south of France.

Verbal specification and visual observation are in fact two aspects / methods of identification of a tangible fact of real existence, as denoted by Arabic word ء َ اي َ ة ٌ.

After the foundation and consolidation of the Muslim Empire, the Arabic language and the related culture were only slowly diffused among the Jewish population of the dār al-Islām ; it is not to be seen before the second half of the 3rd century of the Hid ̲ j ̲ ra, and only became of real importance in their civilization from the 4th / 10th centuries onwards.

The name " abjad " is derived from the Arabic word for alphabet.

The name " abjad " ( ) is derived from pronouncing the first letters of the Arabic alphabet in order.

Abdul is a common Arabic name component ( but never a name by itself ; additionally the ending-ul and the beginning Al-are redundant ), but Alhazred may allude to Hazard, a pun on the book's destructive and dangerous nature, or a reference to Lovecraft's ancestors by that name.

Another possibility, raised in an essay by the Swedish fantasy writer and editor Rickard Berghorn, is that the name Alhazred was influenced by references to two historical authors whose names were Latinized as Alhazen: Alhazen ben Josef, who translated Ptolemy into Arabic ; and Abu ' Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who wrote about optics, mathematics and physics.

In Arabic translations, his name has appeared as Abdullah ( عبدالله الحظرد ): Arabic حظر = " he fenced in ", " he prohibited ".

However Abdul is a common Arabic prefix meaning " Servant of the " and " Al " is Arabic for " the ", and if " hazra " means " he prohibited ", " he fenced in " or " Great Lord ", then the name would mean " Servant of the Prohibited ", " Servant of the Fenced in ", or " Servant of the Great Lord " which would make sense considering his role, even if it is not a proper Arabic name.

The name Ardipithecus ramidus stems mostly from the Afar language, in which Ardi means " ground / floor " ( borrowed from the Semitic root in either Amharic or Arabic ) and ramid means " root ".

The modern name for amber is thought to come from the Arabic word, ambar, meaning ambergris.

In Arabic, the name ' Abd Allah ' means " servant of Allah ".

Arabic numerals is the conventional name for the entire family of related systems of Arabic and Indian numerals.

The name of the group is derived from the Arabic ابو, abu (" father of ") and sayyaf (" Swordsmith ").

The Latin name Aelia is the source of the Arabic term Iliyā ' ( إلياء ), an early Islamic name for Jerusalem.

Abu Bakr ( Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ) (, c. 573 CE – 23 August 634 CE ) also known as Abū Bakr as-Șiddīq ( Arabic: أبو بكر الصديق ) was a senior companion ( Sahabi ) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail ( known as " Abubacer " or " Ebn Tophail " in the West ) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child " from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society " on a desert island, through experience alone.

Abu Zanad, an Arabic writer from Iraq who lived around 747 A. D. ( after the founding of Islam ), wrote that at least one Mandaean community located in northern Iraq observed Ramadan.

The severe persecution of the famous expert in Arabic literature, Nasr Abu Zayd, is an example of this.

* Claims island in the Persian Gulf administered by Iran ( called Abu Musa in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye Abu Musa in Persian by Iran )-over which Iran has taken steps to exert unilateral control since 1992, including access restrictions and a military build-up on the island ;

* c. 1000 – Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulcasis ) of al-Andalus publishes his influential 30-volume Arabic medical encyclopedia, the Al-Tasrif

The terms " comedy " and " satire " became synonymous after Aristotle's Poetics was translated into Arabic in the medieval Islamic world, where it was elaborated upon by Arabic writers and Islamic philosophers such as Abu Bischr, his pupil Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Averroes.

In 2007, Abu Dhabi TV begain airing Million's Poet, a show featuring Pop Idol-style voting and elimination, but for the writing and oration of Arabic poetry.

One such cycle of Arabic tales centres around a small group of historical figures from 9th-century Baghdad, including the caliph Harun al-Rashid ( died 809 ), his vizier Jafar al-Barmaki ( d. 803 ) and the licentious poet Abu Nuwas ( d. c. 813 ).

Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term hashish to the Ismailis by 13th century historian Abu Shama, de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship.

* 1000-Volvelle, an early paper analog computer, invented by Arabic physicians and improved by Abu Rayhan Biruni for use in astronomy.

* Iran jointly administers with the UAE an island in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE ( Arabic Abu Musa, Persian, Jazireh-ye Abu Musa ), over which Iran has taken steps to exert unilateral control since 1992, including access restrictions.

Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi aka Abu Ali al-Harithi ( Arabic: أبو علي الحاريثي ) ( died November 3, 2002 ) was an al-Qaida operative and a citizen of Yemen who is suspected of having been the mastermind behind the October 2000 USS Cole bombing.

Later writers ( such as the 13th century Old French Continuation of William of Tyre and the Latin Continuation of William of Tyre ) conflated these two incidents, claiming erroneously that Saladin's sister, aunt, or even mother, had been taken prisoner, but this is contradicted by Arabic sources, such as Abu Shama and Ibn al-Athir.

According to Ibn-Khaldun's comprehensive history of the Malian kings, Mansa Musa's grandfather was Abu-Bakr ( the Arabic equivalent to Bakari or Bogari, original name unknown-not the sahabiyy Abu Bakr ), a brother of Sundiata Keita, the founder of the Malian Empire as recorded through oral histories.

Abu Hamza al-Masri ( Arabic: أبو حمزةالمصري, ) ( born 15 April 1958, Alexandria ) is an Egyptian-born Sunni preacher known for the preaching of Islamic fundamentalism and militant Islamism or jihadism.

Ashʿari theology ( Arabic الأشعرية al-Asha ` riyya or الأشاعرة al-Ashā ` irah ) is a school of early Muslim speculative theology founded by the theologian Abu al-Hasan al-Ash ' ari ( d. 324 AH / 936 AD ).

* Arkon Daraul proposed that " Baphomet " may derive from the Arabic word أبو فهمة Abu fihama ( t ), meaning " The Father of Understanding ".

Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term hashishi to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams ( d. 1267 ), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship.

Maqama texts are often derived from classical Arabic poetry, such as by Mohammad Mehdi Al-Jawahiri, al-Mutanabbi and Abu Nuwas, or Persian poets like Hafez and Omar Khayyám.

In what became known as the Ridda wars ( Arabic for the Wars of Apostasy, 632 – 33 ), Abu Bakr managed to unite Arabia under the central authority of the Caliph at Medina.