In many cases, genotypic interactions between the two alleles at a locus can be described as dominant or recessive, according to which of the two homozygous genotypes the phenotype of the heterozygote most resembles.

MAOIs can be as effective as tricyclic antidepressants, although they are generally used less frequently because they have a higher incidence of dangerous side effects and interactions.

Genetic interactions ( epistasis ) can often confound simple interpretations of such " knock-out " or " knock-in " studies.

Polymer flocculants can bridge individual colloidal particles by attractive electrostatic interactions.

Thus, it has been known for many years that, due to repulsive Coulombic interactions, electrically charged macromolecules in an aqueous environment can exhibit long-range crystal-like correlations with interparticle separation distances, often being considerably greater than the individual particle diameter.

) and many kinds of information can be disseminated and combined with other kinds without consciousness, as in intersensory interactions such as the ventriloquism effect.

For small business, basic client service can be accomplished by a contact manager system: an integrated solution that lets organizations and individuals efficiently track and record interactions, including emails, documents, jobs, faxes, scheduling, and more.

These observers recommend careful market research to determine if and where the phenomenon can provide measurable benefits for client interactions, sales and support.

Being in a coalition allows males to dominate a third individual when they could not by themselves, as politically apt chimps can exert power over aggressive interactions regardless of their rank.

Such interactions can result in a constant-boiling azeotrope which behaves as if it were a pure compound ( i. e., boils at a single temperature instead of a range ).

; Automated optimization: For frequently occurring usage patterns or requests, some DBMS can adjust themselves to improve the speed of those interactions.

In addition, if the particles of which it is composed are supersymmetric, they can undergo annihilation interactions with themselves resulting in observable by-products such as photons and neutrinos (" indirect detection ").

As a puruṣārtha ( human goal ), dharma can also be considered to be a lens through which humans plan and perform their interactions with the world.

However in nonlinear media, such as some crystals, interactions can occur between light and static electric and magnetic fields — these interactions include the Faraday effect and the Kerr effect.

In laboratory conditions, the interactions of individual electrons can be observed by means of particle detectors, which allow measurement of specific properties such as energy, spin and charge.

In quantum electrodynamics, electromagnetic interactions between charged particles can be calculated using the method of Feynman diagrams, in which we picture messenger particles called virtual photons being exchanged between charged particles.

Roughly speaking, all the forces involved in interactions between atoms can be explained by the electromagnetic force acting on the electrically charged atomic nuclei and electrons inside and around the atoms, together with how these particles carry momentum by their movement.

As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can come in any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces ( although it is sometimes said that the entire planet is an ecosystem ).

Alternatively entropy can be defined from a classical thermodynamics viewpoint, in which the molecular interactions are not considered and instead the system is viewed from perspective of the gross motion of very large masses of molecules and the behavior of individual molecules is averaged and obscured.

Serum levels of AEDs can be checked to determine medication compliance, to assess the effects of new drug-drug interactions upon previous stable medication levels, or to help establish if particular symptoms such as instability or sleepiness can be considered a drug side effect or are due to different causes.

With the possible exception of gravitation, these interactions can usually be described in a set of calculational approximation methods known as perturbation theory, as being mediated by the exchange of gauge bosons between particles.

* FLIM ( Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy ) can be used to detect certain bio-molecular interactions that manifest themselves by influencing fluorescence lifetimes.

This could possibly be because the plants need a stronger network to survive in a harsher environment, so their interactions between species, such as cross-pollination or mutualistic actions, become more common to cope with the severity of their habitat.

In Gandhi ’ s thought, ahimsa precludes not only the act of inflicting a physical injury, but also mental states like evil thoughts and hatred, unkind behavior such as harsh words, dishonesty and lying, all of which he saw as manifestations of violence incompatible with ahimsa. Gandhi believed ahimsa to be a creative energy force, encompassing all interactions leading one's self to find satya, " Divine Truth ".

In Thomson's model, electrons were free to rotate in rings which were further stabilized by interactions between the electrons, and spectra were to be accounted for by energy differences of different ring orbits.

Again, GC stacking interactions with adjacent bases tend to be more favorable.

The chakras are thought to vitalise the physical body and to be associated with interactions of a physical, emotional and mental nature.

Carbamazepine has a potential for drug interactions ; caution should be used in combining other medicines with it, including other antiepileptics and mood stabilizers.

The current focus tends to be on specifics of civilization in ancient China, and the general paradigm of how China has responded to the dual challenges of interactions with the outside world and modernization in the post-1700 era.

Contrary to brownian motion, which is the diffusion of a single particle, interactions between particles may have to be considered, unless the particles form an ideal mix with their solvent ( ideal mix conditions correspond to the case where the interactions between the solvent and particles are identical to the interactions between particles and the interactions between solvent molecules ; in this case, the particles do not interact when inside the solvent ).

This view changed, however, with the publication of James Clerk Maxwell's 1873 Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in which the interactions of positive and negative charges were shown to be regulated by one force.

He taught that pleasure and pain are the measures of what is good and evil ; death is the end of both body and soul and should therefore not be feared ; the gods do not reward or punish humans ; the universe is infinite and eternal ; and events in the world are ultimately based on the motions and interactions of atoms moving in empty space.

When describing graviton interactions, the classical theory ( i. e., the tree diagrams ) and semiclassical corrections ( one-loop diagrams ) behave normally, but Feynman diagrams with two ( or more ) loops lead to ultraviolet divergences ; that is, infinite results that cannot be removed because the quantized general relativity is not renormalizable, unlike quantum electrodynamics.

The electron – nucleus interactions are not removed and the electrons still " feel " the Coulomb potential of the nuclei clamped at certain positions in space.

Nuclear spin interactions must be removed ( decoupled ) to increase the resolution of NMR spectra and isolate spin systems.

Because most dipolar interactions are removed by sample spinning, recoupling experiments are needed to re-introduce desired dipolar couplings so they can be measured.

Based on just three structures of the insulin dimer, trypsin-pancreatic trypsin inhibitor complex and oxyhaemoglobin, Cyrus Chothia and Joel Janin found that between 1, 130 and 1, 720 Angstroms < sup > 2 </ sup > of surface area was removed from contact with water indicating that hydrophobicity was the major factor stabilising protein-protein interactions.

Chemical bonds between atoms were now explained, by Gilbert Newton Lewis in 1916, as the interactions between their constituent electrons.

During this term Johnson also made a concerted effort to increase his sphere of interactions ; his higher profile was exemplified by a biographical sketch published in the New York Times in May 1849, describing him as an excellent committee worker and investigator.

The angle may vary because of steric strain introduced by nonbonded interactions created by functional groups attached to the carbons of the double bond.

These parallel sign-mediated interactions are governed by syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic rules, and are possible because of the decentralized " nervous system " of plants.

A more accurate value of the limit than that given by this simple model requires adjusting for various factors, including electrostatic interactions between the electrons and nuclei and effects caused by nonzero temperature.

One example of a blind spot which is provided by this viewpoint is the influence of central Asian policies on interactions with Europe in the Qing dynasty.

Some of these technologies include speech recognition software to allow computers to handle first level of customer support, text mining and natural language processing to allow better customer handling, agent training by automatic mining of best practices from past interactions, support automation and many other technologies to improve agent productivity and customer satisfaction.

Typically the chemistry of complexes is dominated by interactions between s and p molecular orbitals of the ligands and the d orbitals of the metal ions.

According to Chip Morningstar and F. Randall Farmer, cyberspace is defined more by the social interactions involved rather than its technical implementation.

Chemotactic responses elicited by the ligand-receptor interactions are distinguished generally upon the optimal effective concentration ( s ) of the ligand.

However, most changes in hierarchical rank are caused by dyadic interactions.

The DNA double helix is stabilized primarily by two forces: hydrogen bonds between nucleotides and base-stacking interactions among the aromatic nucleobases.

Ligand-protein affinities are influenced by non-covalent intermolecular interactions between the two molecules such as hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic and Van der Waals forces.

Existing spacecraft are tracked by their interactions with the transmitters of the Deep Space Network ( DSN ), in effect an inverse GPS.

Although most electrical engineers will understand basic circuit theory ( that is the interactions of elements such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors and inductors in a circuit ), the theories employed by engineers generally depend upon the work they do.