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# and combustion
* Étienne Lenoir In 1886, he patented, among internal combustion engine improvements, the first modernly recognizable spark plug shown as figure # 6 here:.
# Pulse combustion dryer: A less-expensive continuous process that can handle higher viscosities and solids loading than a spray dryer, and that sometimes gives a freeze-dry quality powder that is free-flowing.
Their 14, 000-pound # 3 is the oldest surviving internal combustion engine tractor in the United States, and is on display at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History in Washington D. C.
# COMPRESSION stroke: with both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the air, or fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber of the cylinder head.
Through the combustion of fuel an isochoric process is produced, followed by an adiabatic expansion, characterizing the < span style =" margin: 1px ; background-color: # ff0000 ;"> power ( C ) </ span > stroke.
# The combustion process occurs as the volatile products and some of the char reacts with oxygen to primarily form carbon dioxide and small amounts of carbon monoxide, which provides heat for the subsequent gasification reactions.
# Oxidation of hydrocarbons ( unburnt and partially burnt fuel ) to carbon dioxide and water: C < sub > x </ sub > H < sub > 2x + 2 </ sub > + O < sub > 2 </ sub > → xCO < sub > 2 </ sub > + ( x + 1 ) H < sub > 2 </ sub > O ( a combustion reaction )
# the high-pressure head is created by the large pressure difference between the exhaust in the combustion chamber and the atmospheric pressure outside of the exhaust system
# as the exhaust gasses equalize between the combustion chamber and the atmosphere, the difference in pressure decreases and the exhaust velocity decreases.
# Indirect injection is superior for running on thicker vegetable oil fuel, due to lower pressure injection, a longer burn time and increased swirl ensuring more complete combustion.
# Because the heat and pressure of combustion is applied to one specific point on the piston as it exits the precombustion chamber or swirl chamber, such engines are less suited to high specific power outputs ( such as turbocharging or tuning ) than direct injection diesels.
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