We are initiating research on the use of solid state materials for infrared detection using a method which will not require cooling of materials to attain high sensitivity.

Academic historical research supports that the alchemists were searching for a material substance using physical methods.

Alternate history is related to but distinct from counterfactual history — the term used by some professional historians when using thoroughly researched and carefully reasoned speculations on " what might have happened if ..." as a tool of academic historical research.

However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibacterials, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibacterials, and to the time required for research to test causal links between antibacterial use and resistance.

Image showing shock waves from NASA's X-43A hypersonic research vehicle in flight at Mach 7, generated using a computational fluid dynamics algorithm. On September 30, 1935 an exclusive conference was held in Rome with the topic of high velocity flight and the possibility of breaking the sound barrier.

The first convincing synthesis was in 1981 by a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung ( Institute for Heavy Ion Research, GSI ) in Darmstadt using the Dubna reaction.

In simpler term, Biotechnology is the research and development in the laboratory that involves bioinformatics for exploration, extraction, exploitation and production from any living organisms and any source of biomass by means of biochemical engineering where high value-added products could be planned ( reproduced by Biosynthesis, for example ), fore-casted, formulated, developed, manufactured and marketed for the purpose of sustainable operations ( for the return from bottomless initial investment on R & D ) and gaining durable patents rights ( for exclusives rights for sales, and prior to this to receive national and international approval from the results on animal experiment and human experiment, especially on the pharmaceutical branch of biotechnology to prevent any undetected side-effects on safety concerns by using the products ), for more about the biotechnology industry, see.

However, research using an artificial gut has shown that in the specific case of carotenoids a greater proportion is absorbed from cooked vegetables than from raw vegetables.

For many decades, consciousness as a research topic was avoided by the majority of mainstream scientists, because of a general feeling that a phenomenon defined in subjective terms could not properly be studied using objective experimental methods.

Much as 19th century science is often treated as the inventor of conceptions of evolution and race which had serious negative political and social consequences, many 19th century historians pursued what they intended as reasonably objective research projects in the history of their own and other regions either to end by themselves using the results to support nationalistic goals or to see their work used that way by others.

The research concluded that no reduction in lung cancer was found in the participants using these supplements, and furthermore, these supplements may, in fact, have harmful effects.

In graph theory, much research was motivated by attempts to prove the four color theorem, first stated in 1852, but not proved until 1976 ( by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken, using substantial computer assistance ).

The DSM can be used clinically in this way, and also to categorize patients using diagnostic criteria for research purposes.

Notably, Dalhousie is the headquarters of the Ocean Tracking Network, a research effort using implanted acoustic transmitters to study fish migration patterns.

It was the first national DJ-published music magazine, created on the Macintosh computer using extensive music market research and early desktop publishing tools.

However, certain conditions must be met before the replication of the experiment is commenced: the original research question has been published in a peer-reviewed journal or widely cited, the researcher is independent of the original experiment, the researcher must first try to replicate the original findings using the original data, and the write-up should state that the study conducted is a replication study that tried to follow the original study as strictly as possible.

Accurate analysis of data using standardized statistical methods in scientific studies is critical to determining the validity of empirical research.

It is important to understand that the outcome of empirical research using statistical hypothesis testing is never proof.

Early EVM research showed that the areas of planning and control are significantly impacted by its use ; and similarly, using the methodology improves both scope definition as well as the analysis of overall project performance.

Drawing on his long-term research, and using the criteria of course, outcome and prognosis, he developed the concept of dementia praecox, which he defined as the " sub-acute development of a peculiar simple condition of mental weakness occurring at a youthful age.

There is also a large body of contemporary research and development directed toward using expert systems for human behavior modeling and decision support systems.

Out of Africa has gained support from research using female mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) and the male Y chromosome.

Educational psychology research has confirmed the applicability to education of other findings from cognitive psychology, such as the benefits of using mnemonics for immediate and delayed retention of information.

While taxonomists using molecular phylogenetic techniques find strong support for the order, there remain questions about the morphological relationships of the Quillajaceae and Surianaceae to the rest of the order, due in part to limited research on these families.

* UNAVCO-a non-profit university-governed consortium, facilitates geoscience research and education using geodesy.

On November 29, 1921, the trustees declared it to be the express policy of the Institute to pursue scientific research of the greatest importance and at the same time " to continue to conduct thorough courses in engineering and pure science, basing the work of these courses on exceptionally strong instruction in the fundamental sciences of mathematics, physics, and chemistry ; broadening and enriching the curriculum by a liberal amount of instruction in such subjects as English, history, and economics ; and vitalizing all the work of the Institute by the infusion in generous measure of the spirit of research.

He found a concentration of 60 parts per trillion of CFC-11 over Ireland and, in a partially self-funded research expedition in 1972, went on to measure the concentration of CFC-11 from the northern hemisphere to the Antarctic aboard the research vessel RRS Shackleton.

* A collection of questions used to measure a particular research topic.

The question of what features a task must have to qualify as a good measure of working memory capacity is a topic of ongoing research.

Kuratowski ’ s research in the field of measure theory, including research with Banach, Tarski, was continued by many students.

In a 1993 research study led by Marc Galanter, former president of both the American Society of Addiction Medicine and the American Association of Addiction Psychiatry, attempted to measure the impact of Rational Recovery on members.

At the same time, within rabbinic circles, " he transplanted the strict and narrow Talmudic spirit from Germany to Spain ", and this, in some measure, turned Spanish Jews from secular research to the study of the Talmud.

# Measurement: Many of the concepts used to measure scheduling systems in operations research are useful for measuring general workflows.

AATSR can measure Earth's surface temperature to a precision of, for climate research.

Their measure of performance was consumer satisfaction and formal research was seldom pursued.

* Online implementation of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, the most commonly used research measure of self-esteem.

The ratings reflect an overall measure of esteem that combines data on the institutions ' reputation for research and teaching.

A bond measure is an initiative to sell bonds for the purpose of acquiring funds for various public works projects, such as research, transportation infrastructure improvements, and others.

* Photomultipliers are used in research laboratories to measure the intensity and spectrum of light-emitting materials such as compound semiconductors and quantum dots.

Between 2004 and 2007, three different surveys were conducted by the research firms Ibope, Data Folha and CNT / Sensus to measure which was the favorite football team in Brazil.

Their research involved non-uniform magnetic fields, which were difficult to manipulate and hard to measure accurately.

A perceived threat that its enemies had access to battlefield chemical and biological weapons led South Africa to begin ramping up its own program, initially as a defensive measure and in order to carry out research on vaccines.

On the other hand with observational research you can't control for interfering variables ( low internal validity ) but you can measure in the natural ( ecological ) environment, at the place where behavior normally occurs.

There are several market research practices that may be used: ( 1 ) concept testing, which evaluates reactions to a film idea and is fairly rare ; ( 2 ) positioning studios, which analyze a script for marketing opportunities ; ( 3 ) focus groups, which probe viewers ' opinions about a film in small groups prior to release ; ( 4 ) test screenings, which involve the previewing of films prior to theatrical release ; ( 5 ) tracking studies, which gauge ( often by telephone polling ) an audience's awareness of a film on a weekly basis prior to and during theatrical release ; ( 6 ) advertising testing, which measures responses to marketing materials such as trailers and television advertisements ; and finally ( 7 ) exit surveys, that measure audience reactions after seeing the film in the cinema.

Subsequent claims by Admiral Cervera, and later research by historians, have suggested that nearly 85 % of the Spanish ammunition at Santiago was utterly useless, either defective or simply filled with sawdust as a cost-saving measure for practice firing.

Much research has documented the lack of correlation between parents ' sexual orientation and any measure of a child's emotional, psychosocial, and behavioral adjustment.