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troff is the major component of a document processing system developed by AT & T for the Unix operating system.
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troff and is
As such, the name troff is pronounced rather than *.
The program's documentation defines the output format of ditroff, which is used by many modern troff clones like GNU groff.
Use of troff and family was reduced somewhat in the 1990s, but it is still being used quite extensively.
While troff has been supplanted by other programs such as Interleaf, FrameMaker and LaTeX, it is still the default format of the UNIX documentation.
* groff is GNU Project's free replacement for troff and nroff.
* unroff is an extensible replacement of troff written in Scheme
* Heirloom troff is based on troff from OpenSolaris.
In modern usage, DTP is not generally said to include tools such as TeX or troff, though both can easily be used on a modern desktop system and are standard with many Unix-like operating systems and readily available for other systems.
The default format of the man pages is troff, with either the macro package man ( appearance oriented ) or on some systems mdoc ( semantic oriented ).
It was a descendant of the RUNOFF program from CTSS, the first computerized text-formatting program, and is a predecessor of the Unix troff document processing system.
Part of the troff suite of Unix document layout tools, eqn is a preprocessor that formats equations for printing.
Part of the troff suite of Unix document layout tools, tbl is a preprocessor that formats tables.
MakeIndex can process raw data output by various programs, however, it is generally used with LaTeX and troff.
troff and document
These programs transform certain parts of a document into troff input, fitting naturally into the use of " pipelines " in Unix — sending the output of one program as the input to another ( see pipes and filters ).
roff was the first Unix text-formatting computer program, the most important application run on the first machine specifically purchased to run UNIX, and a predecessor of the nroff and troff document processing systems.
The troff typesetting system includes sets of commands called macros that are run before starting to process the document.
Examples of markup languages used for non-graphical document processing include SGML / XML, LaTeX and troff.
troff and processing
Lesk wrote Unix tools for word processing ( tbl, refer, and the standard ms macro package, all for troff ), for compiling ( Lex ), and for networking ( uucp ).
troff and system
troff can trace its origins back to a text formatting program called RUNOFF, written by Jerome H. Saltzer for MIT's CTSS operating system in the mid-1960s.
The acknowledgments mention that the book was entirely typeset at Bell Labs using troff on the Unix operating system, which at that time had been little seen outside the Labs.
troff and developed
As troff evolved, since there are several things which cannot be done easily in troff, several preprocessors were developed.
An independent compatible implementation of the eqn preprocessor has been developed by GNU as part of groff, the GNU version of troff.
troff and by
Inputs to troff are plain text files that can be created by any text editor.
Three preprocessors provide troff with drawing capabilities by defining a domain-specific language for describing the picture.
The troff macros used for man pages (- mm ) were the general-purpose ones written by Ted Dolotta ( later to be the first manager of USG and the principal author of the System III manual ), with additions for the manuals.
During the mid-1970s, Joseph Ossanna, working at Bell Laboratories, wrote the troff typesetting program to drive a Wang C / A / T phototypesetter owned by the Labs ; it was later enhanced by Brian Kernighan to support output to different equipment, such as laser printers and the like.
Documentation for Gemini was done in troff with a project proprietary set of macros by the name of Scribe ( IIRC ).
troff and AT
In addition, due to the open sourcing of Ancient UNIX Systems, as well as modern successors such as OpenSolaris and Plan 9 from Bell Labs, several versions of AT & T troff are available under various open source licenses.
troff and for
* The pic typesetting language for troff
* The eqn typesetting language for troff, along with Lorinda Cherry
* troff and nroff, for typesetting and formatting Unix manpages.
It was dubbed troff, for typesetter ' roff.
With troff came nroff ( they were actually almost the same program ), which was for producing output for line printers and character terminals.
Unfortunately, Ossanna's troff was written in PDP-11 assembly language and produced output specifically for the CAT phototypesetter.
Also, this new version of troff ( often called ditroff for device independent troff ) had several extensions, which included drawing functions.
A typical distribution of troff includes the me macros for formatting research papers, man macros for creating Unix man pages, mv macros for creating mountable transparencies, and the ms and mm macros for letters, books, technical memoranda, and reports.
* User manual for the Plan 9 edition of troff
In 2010, OpenBSD deprecated troff for formatting manpages in favour of mandoc, a specialised compiler / formatter for manpages with native support for output in PostScript, HTML, XHTML, and the terminal.
These are not full replacements for the nroff / troff suite of tools, but are sufficient for display and printing of basic documents and manual pages.
troff and Unix
Some early examples of computer markup languages available outside the publishing industry can be found in typesetting tools on Unix systems such as troff and nroff.
The troff collection of tools ( including pre-and post-processors ) was eventually called Documenter's WorkBench ( DWB ), and was under continuous development in Bell Labs and later at the spin-off Unix System Laboratories ( USL ) through 1994.
So it was that in 1973 he authored the first version of troff for Unix entirely written in PDP-11 assembly language.
It has largely displaced Unix troff, the other favored formatter, in many Unix installations.
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