These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

The next year, Gladstone included the abolition of paper duties in a consolidated Finance Bill ( the first ever ) in order to force the Lords to accept it, and accept it they did.

Sales then suffered because the price was not cut following the abolition of newspaper taxes and the paper was soon no longer among the leading Sunday titles, selling around 30, 000 by 1880, a greater number but a smaller proportion, as newspaper sales had grown hugely.

President Montt then took in hand the question of a reform of the currency, the abolition of nonconvertible paper money, and the re-establishment of a gold monetary standard for the republic.

Streamlining the cities: Government proposals for reorganising local government in Greater London and the Metropolitan counties was a government white paper issued in 1983, by the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher which led to the abolition of the Greater London Council ( GLC ) and the metropolitan county councils ( MCCs ).

In 1873 The Iconoclast, a student paper published once, 13 October, advocated for the abolition of the society system.

They pressed for abolition of national banks and monopolies, free coinage of silver, issuance of paper money ( Greenback or Fiat money ), loans on land, establishment of sub-treasuries, income tax acts, and revision of tariffs.

Practically all the great organizations demanded the abolition of national banks, the free coinage of silver, a sufficient issue of government paper money, tariff revision, and a secret ballot ( the last was soon realized ).

Einstein's paper includes a fundamental new definition of space and time ( all time and space coordinates in all reference frames are equal, so there is no " true " or " apparent " time ) and the abolition of the aether.

On two of the issues which divided the Labour Party at the time, Heffer took the side of the rebels: he rejected the proposals for reform of the House of Lords as too weak, preferring fundamental reform or preferably abolition, and he worked to change proposals in Barbara Castle's trade union White paper In Place of Strife ( a cabinet rebellion later forced the government to abandon it completely ).

The abolition of Ancestry Visa was once again brought up by the Home Office in February 2008 in a green paper where public consultation is currently being held.

The magazine Punch printed a cartoon to mark the abolition of the MBW entitled ' Peace to its Hashes ', representing the MBW by a black suit of armour ( i. e. blackmail ).

Prior to the abolition of the gold standard, the following words were printed on the face of every US dollar: " I promise to pay the bearer on demand, the sum of one dollar " followed by the signature of the US Secretary of the Treasury.

After the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Patel was elected Congress president for its 1931 session in Karachi — here the Congress ratified the pact, committed itself to the defence of fundamental rights and human freedoms, and a vision of a secular nation, minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom.

Dolmabahçe Palace was home to six Sultans from 1856, when it was first inhabited, up until the abolition of the Caliphate in 1924: The last royal to live here was Caliph Abdülmecid Efendi.

Dmitri's grandfather Ivan had been a prominent lawyer in Tsarist Russia who had displayed respect for social awareness and humanitarian principles ( including advocating the abolition of capital punishment ) that would later influence his grandson.

Prior to the end of the slave trade and widespread abolition, when indigenous labour was unavailable, slaves were often imported to the Americas, first by the Spanish Empire, and later by the Dutch, French and British.

Due to its ambiguity, the letter was a cause of debate during the British and later American struggles over the abolition of slavery.

After experiencing a religious conversion, he became a minister, hymn-writer, and later a prominent supporter of the abolition of slavery.

Their successors both in Rome and in Constantinople adhered to this tradition in form if not in essence, and even the office of German Holy Roman Emperor remained typically elective rather than hereditary-up to its abolition in the Napoleonic Wars, 2314 years later.

The political and judicial reforms Amānullāh proposed were equally radical for the time and included the creation of Afghanistan's first constitution ( in 1923 ), the guarantee of civil rights ( first by decree and later constitutionally ), national registration and identity cards for the citizenry, the establishment of a legislative assembly, a court system to enforce new secular penal, civil, and commercial codes, prohibition of blood money, and abolition of subsidies and privileges for tribal chiefs and the royal family.

Muldoon felt that the dissolution would be immediate and he would later introduce a bill in parliament to retroactively make the abolition legal.

The sport experienced a decline from the early 1960s-when the 1960 Betting and Gaming Act permitted off-course cash betting-although sponsorship, limited television coverage, and the later abolition of on-course betting tax have partially offset this decline.

Early in his life, he fought for the abolition of serfdom, later against Napoleonic dominance over Germany, and had to flee to Sweden for some time due to his anti-French positions.

The park was maintained by the LCC and later the GLC, but with the abolition of the GLC in 1986 control of the park was given to the London Borough of Bromley.

However, during this period Northern Ireland had disproportionately fewer MPs than would be expected from the relative populations, with the numbers cut from the 29 elected at the 1918 general election to 13 from the 1922 general election and later to 12 with the abolition of university constituencies in 1950.

The 19th century saw the abolition of many sinecure offices and the institution of a wage and pension for the Lord Chancellor to curb the sale of offices, and later the right to appoint officials was transferred from the Chancellor to the Crown.

Control of the airport transferred to Merseyside County Council from Liverpool Corporation in the mid 1970s and then, ten years later, to the five Merseyside councils following the abolition of Merseyside County Council.

During this period ( mid-18th Century ) Thomas Clarkson carried thumbscrews with him to further his cause for the abolition of the Slave Trade, and later emancipation of slaves in the British Empire.

Julia was an ardent supporter of abolition and was later active in the cause of Woman's Suffrage.

Barnes argued that anticapitalist revolutions typically began with a " workers ' and farmers ' government " which initially concentrated on bourgeois-democratic measures, and only later moved on to the abolition of capitalism.

Also known as the Populist Party, the People's Party was a development of the national Farmers ' Alliance, and had a platform that demanded abandonment of the gold standard ( and later for free silver ), abolition of national banks, a graduated income tax, direct election of senators, civil service reform, and an eight-hour day.

Anna claimed that her conversations with Prince Chulalongkorn about human freedom, and her relating to him the story of Uncle Tom's Cabin, became the inspiration for his abolition of slavery almost 40 years later.

He later argued for the abolition of the European Parliament.

Elected, like Maximilien Robespierre, Georges Danton, and Collot d ' Herbois, a deputy of Paris to the National Convention, he spoke in favour of the immediate abolition of the Bourbon monarchy, and the next day demanded that all acts be dated from the Year I of the French Republic ( a measure adopted a little over a year later in the form of the French Revolutionary Calendar ).

On 2 June 1793, in the context of Jean-Paul Marat's anti-Girondist instigations, he proposed a decree of accusation against the Girondists ; a week later, at the Jacobin Club, he outlined a programme which the Convention was to fulfil soon after: the expulsion of foreigners, the establishment of a tax on the rich, the deprivation of the rights of citizenship of all " anti-social " men, the creation of a French Revolutionary Army, the monitoring of all officers and ci-devant nobles ( i. e.: those of aristocratic families who no longer held status after the abolition of feudalism ), and the death penalty for unsuccessful generals fighting in the French Revolutionary Wars.

Johnson supported the Compromise of 1850 with the exception of its abolition of slavery in the nation's capital.

" With more than 2, 000 dead, the 44-day Costa Rican Civil War resulting from this uprising was the bloodiest event in twentieth-century Costa Rican history ", but the victorious junta drafted a constitution guaranteeing free elections with universal suffrage and the abolition of the military.

In 1986, President Oscar Arias Sánchez declared December 1 as the Día de la Abolición del Ejército ( Military abolition day ) with Law # 8115.

We think you can only do it by moving forward to a new world — a world of law, the abolition of national armaments with a world force and a world economic system.

The UN General Assembly has adopted, in 2007, 2008 and 2010, non-binding resolutions calling for a global moratorium on executions, with a view to eventual abolition.

Without one official teaching on the death penalty, Thai monks are typically divided on the issue with some favoring abolition of the death penalty while others see it as bad karma stemming from bad actions in the past.

A deal was agreed with the Scottish Liberal Democrats to form a coalition, with Dewar agreeing to their demand for the abolition of up-front tuition fees for university students.

Evangelicals were also concerned with social reform during this period — in England the Clapham Sect included figures such as William Wilberforce who successfully campaigned for the abolition of slavery.

It was these restaurants that expanded upon the limited menus of decades prior, and led to the full restaurants that were completely legalized with the advent of the French Revolution and abolition of the guilds.

With the advice of our brethren and of the entire Curia, as well as with the will and consent of the prefect, we decree the abolition of that evil custom which has hitherto prevailed among the porticani, namely, of disposing, contrary to the wish of the one deceased, of the property of porticani dying without heirs ; with this understanding, however, that in future the porticani remain faithful to the Roman Church, to us and to our successors.

The City Chambers has been the headquarters of Glasgow City Council since 1996, when it replaced the District Council with the abolition of the Strathclyde Region.

With the authorisation of the Central People ’ s Government of the PRC, Hong Kong also concluded 12 bilateral agreements with foreign states on air services, investment promotion and protection, mutual legal assistance and visa abolition during the year.

In the early 1980s political disputes between the GLC run by Ken Livingstone and the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher led to the GLC's abolition in 1986, with most of its powers relegated to the London boroughs.

In the Italian referendums of 1993, voters approved substantial changes, including moving from a proportional to an Additional Member System, which is largely dominated by a majoritarian electoral system and the abolition of some ministries, some of which, however, have been reintroduced with only partly modified names, such as the Ministry of Agriculture reincarnated as the Ministry of Agricultural Resources.

HT sees Islam's pivotal turning point as occurring not with the death of Ali, or one of the other four rightly guided Caliphs in the 7th century, but with the 1918 or 1922 abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate.

His friendship with Thomas Clarkson – abolitionist campaigner and the first historian of the British abolition movement – aroused his interest in slavery.

It reorganized the English court system to establish the High Court and the Court of Appeal and also originally provided for the abolition of the judicial functions of the House of Lords with respect to England but, under the act, it would have retained those functions in relation to Scotland and Ireland for the time being.

On 16 February 1881, the Light Infantry Battalion was disbanded with the abolition of the militia-based system.

Anarchist communism ( also known as anarcho-communism and occasionally as free communism or libertarian communism ) is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, capitalism and private property ( while retaining respect for personal property ), and in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers ' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: " from each according to his ability, to each according to his need ".

Anarchist communism ( also known as anarcho-communism and occasionally as free communism ) is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, markets, money, capitalism and private property ( while retaining respect for personal property ), in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers ' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: " from each according to his ability, to each according to his need ".

He expressed himself plainly on the questions of slavery and the bank at the same time voting, perhaps with a touch of bravado, for a bill offered in 1836 to subject abolition literature in the mails to the laws of the several states.

Because of the formal abolition of plural marriage in 1890, several smaller groups of Mormons broke with the LDS Church forming several denominations of Mormon fundamentalism.