Colonialism gave rise to culturally and ethnically mixed populations such as the mestizos of the Americas, as well as racially divided populations as found in French Algeria or Southern Rhodesia.

) The arrival of the Pieds-Noirs, refugees from Algeria after 1962 independence, also gave the city a boost and somewhat changed the make-up of its population and traditional views.

After his mission in Algeria was completed, Robert-Houdin gave his last public performance at the Grand Théâtre in Marseille, then returned to his home in Saint-Gervais, near his native Blois, where he wrote his memoirs, Confidences d ' un Prestidigitateur.

In Marseille, a charity was established to help pay the passage for any optants who wanted to emigrate to Algeria, where the colonial government gave them some of the best land.

After the revolution, however, the government of national defence recalled him from Algeria, made him a general of division, and gave him command of the XVI Corps of the Army of the Loire.

The Casbah was the epicenter of the insurgency planning of the National Liberation Front ( FLN ) and gave them a safe haven to plan and execute attacks against French citizens and law enforcement agents in Algeria at the time.

After the 1962 Évian Accords referendum that ended the Algerian War and gave auto-determination to Algeria was approved by a nearly ten-to-one margin, de Gaulle replaced him with Georges Pompidou.

The last Banu Sumadih emir fled to the Hammadid king al-Mansur in 1102, who gave him command of Dellys in Algeria.

On 29 September 2005 a referendum was held in Algeria which resulted in the Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation, and gave amnesty to those jailed and convicted during the civil war, and critics have maintained that he is free to return safely.

Following bloody conflicts with the Polisario and deteriorating ties with Algeria, Mauritania pulled out in 1979 and gave up its share in the Western Sahara in order to avoid further complicated conflicts with the Polisario, Algeria, and Morocco.

The Crémieux Decree gave full citizenship for the Jews in French Algeria.

Shortly after Algerian independence, Morocco started a border dispute in October 1963 in which Cuba sent troops to help Algeria ( see: Sand War ).

The Polisario kept up the guerrilla war while they simultaneously had to help guard the columns of Sahrawi refugees fleeing, but after the air bombings by the Royal Moroccan Air Force on Polisario's camps in Umm Dreiga, Tifariti, Guelta Zemmur and Amgala, the Front had to relocate its headquarters to Tindouf ( western region of Algeria ).

At 4: 44 a. m. Carter went to the press briefing room to announce that with the help of Algeria the United States and Iran had reached an agreement, but was halted because the Algerian negotiator sent word that the Iranian bank officials did not agree with the terms of accountability in the banking agreements, so the planes were returned to their standby position.

The hostages were flown to Algeria as a symbolic gesture for the help of that government in resolving the crisis.

He also used his department to help mobilize French resistance in Algeria.

A view of the Sahara Desert in Algeria, one of the geology sites, was taken to help scientists map surface and subsurface structures, including drainage patterns.

Merbah appeared to be a very moderate politician and tried ( secretly and overtly ) to help in finding a solution for the crisis that erupted in 1992 following the interruption of the electoral process-the FIS having won almost the majority of the parliamentary seats in the first round of the first pluralistic legislative elections ( Dec. 1991 ) in Algeria.

In 1970 The Brotherhood of Eternal Love hired the terrorist organization Weather Underground for a fee of $ 25, 000 to help LSD activist Timothy Leary make his way to Algeria after he escaped from prison, where he was serving a 5-year sentence for possession of marijuana.

Algeria sent its troops into the territory of Western Sahara to help in the logistic of the evacuation of the Sahrawi refugees who have been bombarded by Moroccan air forces, which led to the first and last direct military confrontation between units of the Moroccan armed forces and the Algerian national army in the First Battle of Amgala ( 1976 ).

* 1960 – French forces crack down in a violent clash with protesters in French Algeria during a visit by French president Charles de Gaulle.

vec: Storia de l ' Algeria

An Islamist movement influenced by Salafism and the jihad in Afghanistan, as well as the Muslim Brotherhood, was the FIS or Front Islamique de Salut ( the Islamic Salvation Front ) in Algeria.

* 1961 – In France a referendum supports Charles de Gaulle's policies in Algeria.

Algeria 1 559 km, Mauritania ( de facto ) 1561 km, Spain ( Ceuta ) 6. 3 km, Spain ( Melilla ) 9. 6 km

* 1958 – May 1958 crisis: a group of French military officers lead a coup in Algiers demanding that a government of national unity be formed with Charles de Gaulle at its head in order to defend French control of Algeria.

The conflict is largely between the Kingdom of Morocco and the Algerian-backed nationalist organization the Polisario Front ( Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro ), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( SADR ), now basically administered by a government in exile in Tindouf, Algeria.

* January 8 – In France, a referendum supports Charles de Gaulle's policies on independence for Algeria.

* April 22 – Algiers putsch: Four French generals who oppose de Gaulle's policies in Algeria fail in a coup attempt.

** In France, President Charles de Gaulle fires Jacques Massu, the commander-in-chief of the French troops in Algeria.

** French President Charles de Gaulle's visit to Algeria is bloodied by European and Muslim rioters in Algeria's largest cities.

* October 12 – Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont, French governor-general of French Algeria, killed during the siege of Constantine ( b. 1783 )

* February 8 – Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont, French general and governor-general of French Algeria ( d. 1837 )

* Streets were also named after him in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia, in Budapest, Hungary ( between 1961 and 1990 ); Jakarta ( between 1945 to 1967 ); Belgrade, Serbia ; Sofia, Bulgaria ( until 1991-2 ) Skopje, Republic of Macedonia ; Bata and Malabo, Equatorial Guinea ; Tehran, Iran ; Algiers, Algeria ( Rue Patrice Lumumba ); Santiago de Cuba, Cuba ( since 1960, formerly Avenida de Bélgica ); Łódź, Warsaw, Poland ; Kiev, Ukraine ; Perm, Russia ; Rabat, Morocco ; Maputo, Mozambique ; Leipzig, Germany ; Lusaka, Zambia (" Lumumba Street "); Kampala, Uganda (" Lumumba Avenue "); Tunis, Tunisia ; Fort-de-France, Martinique ; Montpellier, France ; Accra, Ghana ; Antananarivo, Madagascar ; Rotterdam, Netherlands ; Alexandria, Egypt and Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

The difficult task of defending the square was given by marine veteran Blas de Lezo, hardened numerous naval battles of the War of Spanish Succession in Europe and several confrontations with pirates in the Caribbean Sea and Algeria.

It was officially formed in Francoist Spain, in Madrid in January 1961, as a response by some French politicians and French military officers to the 8 January 1961 referendum on self-determination concerning Algeria, which had been organized by General de Gaulle.

There was resistance against Algerian independence in January 1960 by the settlers and Pieds-Noirs or Jewish Algerians who again took up arms in April 1961, during the Generals ' Uprising, with some of the Algerian Jews siding with the OAS after synagogues were attacked by the National Liberation Front ( Front de libération nationale, FLN ) in Algeria.

Another conflict that is part of the party's background was the Algerian War ( many frontistes, including Le Pen, were directly involved in the war ), and the far-right dismay over the decision by French President Charles de Gaulle to abandon his promise of holding on to French Algeria.

On November 18, 2008, the President of Argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner made an official visit to Algiers and met her counterpart, the President of Algeria, Abdelaziz Bouteflika.

The war involved a large number of rival movements which fought against each other at different moments, such as on the independence side, when the National Liberation Front ( FLN ) fought viciously against the Algerian National Movement ( MNA ) in Algeria and in the Café Wars on the French mainland ; on the pro-French side, during its final months, when the conflict evolved into a civil war between pro-French hardliners in Algeria and supporters of General Charles de Gaulle.

The Armée de Libération Nationale ( ALN ), the military wing of the FLN, subsequently wiped out the MNA guerrilla operation, and Messali Hadj's movement lost what little influence it had had in Algeria.

Ex-voto in Notre-Dame de la Garde thanking for the safe return of a son from Algeria, August 1958