However, most boot loaders retain 16-bit support BIOS call support.

Even further, " AT-class " became a term describing any machine which supported the BIOS functions, 16-bit expansion slots, keyboard interface, and other defining technical features of the IBM PC AT ; in the case of the expansion slots, the term is largely synonymous with " ISA " ( when the latter is not applied as a retronym to XT-class machines, as in the phrase " 8-bit ISA slot ".

While DJGPP runs in 32-bit protected mode, its stub and library heavily rely upon many 16-bit DOS and BIOS calls.

PC BIOS limitations ( 16-bit processor mode, 1 MB addressable space, PC AT hardware dependencies, etc.

The BIOS is limited to a 16-bit processor mode and 1 MB of addressable space due to the design being based on the IBM 5150 which used the 16-bit Intel 8088.

NTVDM emulates BIOS calls and tables as well as the Windows 3. 1 kernel and 16-bit API stubs.

* SeaBIOS, a tiny implementation of x86 BIOS, written mostly in 16-bit C using the GNU C compiler.

The computer's BIOS is invoked during the 16-bit real mode bootstrap stage ; once in 32-bit mode, Singularity never invokes the BIOS again, but invokes device drivers written in Sing #.

A 32-bit-wide DRAM controller may support 2 16-bit chips, or be connected to 4 memory chips each of which supplies 8 bits of data, or up to 16 chips configured with 2-bit interfaces.

there are still 16-bit Novas and Eclipses running in a variety of applications worldwide, including air traffic control.

Windows 95 added additional 32-bit capabilities ( however, MS-DOS, some of the kernel, and supplementary utilities such as Disk Defragment remained 16-bit ) and implemented a new object oriented user interface, elements of which are still used today.

* There are two additional 8-bit accumulators, E and F. These can be concatenated to form a 16-bit accumulator called W. The existing 6809 16-bit accumulator, D, can also be concatenated with W to form a 32-bit accumulator Q.

The only 16-bit instructions that affect any flag are DAD H / D / B, which sets the CY ( carry ) flag in order to allow for programmed 24-bit or 32-bit arithmetics ( or larger ), needed to implement floating point arithmetics, for instance.

Following the same tradition, modern 64-bit x86 processors are able to run most programs written for older chips, all the way back to the original 16-bit 8086 of 1978.

There are 65535 available variables of each type, numbered from to for 16-bit integers, for instance.

( More modern versions of INTERCAL have by and large kept the same data structures, with appropriate modifications ; TriINTERCAL, which modifies the radix with which numbers are represented, can use a 10-trit type rather than a 16-bit type ), and CLC-INTERCAL implements many of its own data structures, such as ' classes and lectures ', by making the basic data types store more information rather than adding new types.

* Information transfer format PDUs, or I-format PDUs, with a 16-bit control and sequence numbering field, which are intended to be used in connection-oriented applications ;

* Supervisory format PDUs, or S-format PDUs, with a 16-bit control field, which are intended to be used for supervisory functions at the LLC ( Logical Link Control ) layer.

As PLCs typically use 16-bit signed binary processors, the integer values are limited between-32, 768 and + 32, 767.

There are some inconsistencies in the WAV format: for example, 8-bit data is unsigned while 16-bit data is signed, and many chunks duplicate information found in other chunks.

Although this is equivalent to about 6. 8 hours of CD-quality audio ( 44. 1 kHz, 16-bit stereo ), it is sometimes necessary to exceed this limit, especially when greater sampling rates or bit resolutions are required.

Like on the 8080, 8-bit registers are typically coupled to provide 16-bit versions.

UTF-16 ( 16-bit Unicode Transformation Format ) is a character encoding for Unicode capable of encoding 1, 112, 064 < ref >, where is the BMP, is the interval U + D800 – U + DFFF, and are the higher planes .</ ref > numbers ( called code points ) in the Unicode code space from 0 to 0x10FFFF.

Though the noise level of 16-bit audio systems ( such as CD players ) is commonly quoted ( on the basis of calculations that take no account of subjective effect ) as − 96 dB relative to FS ( full scale ), the best 468-weighted results are in the region of − 68 dB relative to Alignment Level ( commonly defined as 18 dB below FS ) i. e. − 86 dB relative to FS.

However, mixed forms are also possible where the ordering of bytes within a 16-bit word may differ from the ordering of 16-bit words within a 32-bit word, for instance.

These are often physically small compared to a standard PC, although still quite large compared to most simple ( 8 / 16-bit ) embedded systems.

Due to the large number of bits needed to encode the three registers of a 3-operand instruction, RISC processors using 16-bit instructions are invariably 2-operand machines, such as the Atmel AVR, the TI MSP430, and some versions of the ARM Thumb.

A few interpreters, such as the PBASIC interpreter, achieve even higher levels of program compaction by using a bit-oriented rather than a byte-oriented program memory structure, where commands tokens occupy perhaps 5 bits, nominally " 16-bit " constants are stored in a variable-length code requiring 3, 6, 10, or 18 bits, and address operands include a " bit offset ".

Cards designed to the original specification ( version 1. x ) are type I and feature a 16-bit interface.

Type-III PC Card devices are 16-bit or 32-bit.

This connector allows use of a number of compatible peripherals available for the laptop market, though only 16-bit ( Type II ) PCMCIA cards are hardware compatible, newer 32-bit CardBus or PC Card peripherals are incompatible.

Still, much of the system had 16-bit code internally which required, among other things, device drivers to be 16-bit code also.

The number of characters required for complete coverage of all these languages ' needs cannot fit in the 256-character code space of 8-bit character encodings, requiring at least a 16-bit fixed width encoding or multi-byte variable-length encodings.

A 16-bit data bus also required twice as many memory chips as an 8-bit one.

Unfortunately, visible registers remained 16-bit, and this unplanned addition to the instruction set required executing many instructions per memory reference compared to most 32-bit minicomputers.

MIL-STD-1750A or 1750A is the formal definition of a 16-bit computer instruction set architecture ( ISA ), including both required and optional components, as described by the military standard document MIL-STD-1750A ( 1980 ).

As a result, many instructions required a two byte ( 16-bit ) location to memory.

Also, the UltraSound required two DMA channels for full-duplex operation, and 16-bit channels were generally faster so many users chose to use them, but this led to errors for games that used the DOS / 4GW DOS extender, which was common in the UltraSound's era.

Whereas the games of the 8-bit era were typically developed by a single individual within a matter of months ( sometimes even a few weeks ), the more demanding 16-bit titles required larger teams, longer development times and considerably larger budgets.

Just as the transition from 8-bit to 16-bit had escalated development costs and required a significant expansion of resources, so too did the transition from 16-bit to 32-bit platforms.

When asked whether anything could have been done to make the machine a success he replied that more money would've been required to give software houses more incentive to support Amstrad, and that the games and software needed to be delivered sooner, he also remarked that making the machine 16-bit would also have helped.

With the advent of optical based media at the tail end of the 16-bit era, data could not be stored on the game media, and a saved game required the introduction of non-volatile memory to the console either in the form of internal memory or memory cards ( both of which were introduced with the Sega CD ) which stored game data once the system was powered off ; passwords avoided the need for this.

For example, a 16-bit PCM signal requires an analog bandwidth of about 1-1. 5 MHz ( compared to about 15-20 kHz of analog bandwidth required for an analog audio signal ), and, clearly, a standard analog audio recorder could not meet that requirement.

Officially, both of these follow-ups required Windows 95 or later, though the demo for Return of Arcade is a 16-bit program that requires only WinG to run in Windows 3. 1.

Expansion beyond 64K required bank switching or a high-end 16-bit CPU.