The albedo is an important concept in climatology and astronomy, as well as in calculating reflectivity of surfaces in LEED sustainable rating systems for buildings, computer graphics and computer vision.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ) is, according to the ATM Forum, " a telecommunications concept defined by ANSI and ITU ( formerly CCITT ) standards for carriage of a complete range of user traffic, including voice, data, and video signals ," and is designed to unify telecommunication and computer networks.

* Base Address Register, a concept in computer hardware design

When management refused to support the concept, Ahl left DEC in 1974 to found the seminal computer magazine, Creative Computing.

Richard Dawkins in his book River Out of Eden used the computer bootstrapping concept to explain how biological cells differentiate: " Different cells receive different combinations of chemicals, which switch on different combinations of genes, and some genes work to switch other genes on or off.

And a single programmer could do most or all of the computer programming needed to generate the proof of concept to launch a new " killer " application.

Charles Babbage, FRS ( 26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871 ) was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer.

* Collection ( abstract data type ), the abstract concept of collections in computer science

* Class ( computer programming ), or type of object, a fundamental concept of object-oriented programming

This has led mathematicians and computer scientists to believe that the concept of computability is accurately characterized by these three equivalent processes.

In computer and information science contexts, especially, the term ' concept ' is often used in unclear or inconsistent ways.

That is, a file ( an abstract concept ) in a real computer system must have a real physical analogue if it is to exist at all.

Qualitative methods are also used to analyze information in a variety of media, such as students ' drawings and concept maps, video-recorded interactions, and computer log records.

The distinction between the two is subtle: " higher-order " describes a mathematical concept of functions that operate on other functions, while " first-class " is a computer science term that describes programming language entities that have no restriction on their use ( thus first-class functions can appear anywhere in the program that other first-class entities like numbers can, including as arguments to other functions and as their return values ).

He also expanded on the concept of reducibility and, along with Ken Durre, developed a computer test for it.

Rowland is believed to have pioneered the concept of shareware tabletop role-playing games with this system, although there were earlier shareware computer games with role-playing elements.

The concept of hyperlinks was further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at Xerox PARC, specifically Alan Kay, who went beyond text-based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the primary interface for the Xerox Alto computer.

In response, Kildall pioneered the concept of a BIOS, a set of simple programs stored in the computer hardware which enabled CP / M to run on different systems without modification.

Inspired by the biological concept and usefulness of genotypes, computer science employs simulated phenotypes in genetic programming and evolutionary algorithms.

" Hello world " is also used by computer hackers as a proof of concept that arbitrary code can be executed through an exploit where the system designers did not intend code to be executed — for example, on Sony's PlayStation Portable.

There was much enthusiasm for the concept and for several years, from about 1983 onward, computer industry pundits would regularly declare the coming year to be “ the year of the LAN ”.

Recursive functions are a fundamental concept within computer science and mathematics.

These companies introduced the concept of directory services to information technology and computer networking, their input culminating in the comprehensive X. 500 specification, a suite of protocols produced by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) in the 1980s.

In 1947, the design of the MIT Whirlwind introduced the concept of a control store as a way to simplify computer design and move beyond ad hoc methods.

A related concept in descriptive ethics is psychological egoism, the thesis that humans always act in their own self-interest and that true altruism is impossible.

The same concept is true for ethics and religion, as these concepts are at their core biological and evolutionary.

Relational ethics in close personal relationships form a central concept of contextual therapy.

Fundamental to the concept of public service ethics is the notion that decisions and actions are based on what best serves the public's interests, as opposed to the official's personal interests ( including financial interests ) or self-serving political interests.

The modern concept of human rights developed during the early Modern period, alongside the European secularization of Judeo-Christian ethics.

Justice is a concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, or equity.

In the nineteenth century, journalists began to recognize the concept of unbiased reporting as an integral part of journalistic ethics.

" Professional autonomy is often described as a claim of professionals that has to serve primarily their own interests ... this professional autonomy can only be maintained if members of the profession subject their activities and decisions to a critical evaluation by other members of the profession " The concept of autonomy can therefore be seen to embrace not only judgement, but also self-interest and a continuous process of critical evaluation of ethics and procedures from within the profession itself.

Hopi is a concept deeply rooted in the culture's religion, spirituality, and its view of morality and ethics.

Pudicitia (" modesty " or “ sexual virtue ”) was a central concept in ancient Roman sexual ethics.

Accountability is a concept in ethics and governance with several meanings.

Recently, Thomas Nagel has elaborated on the concept of original position, arguing that social ethics should be built taking into account the tension between original and actual positions.

The concept of moral hazard was the subject of renewed study by economists in the 1960s and then did not imply immoral behavior or fraud ; rather, economists use the term to describe inefficiencies that can occur when risks are displaced, not the ethics or morals of the involved parties.

Thus, world conscience is a concept that overlaps with the Gaia hypothesis in advocating a balance of moral, legal, scientific and economic solutions to modern transnational problems such as global poverty and climate change, through strategies such as environmental ethics, climate ethics, natural conservation, ecology, cosmopolitanism, sustainability and sustainable development, biosequestration and legal protection of the biosphere and biodiversity.

It is a central concept in Aristotelian ethics and political philosophy, along with the terms " aretē ", most often translated as " virtue " or " excellence ", and " phronesis ", often translated as " practical or ethical wisdom ".

Anthropocentrism is a major concept in the field of environmental ethics and environmental philosophy, where it is often considered to be the root cause of problems created by human interaction with the environment, however ; it is profoundly embedded in our culture and conscious acts.

" According to Hitchens, the concept of a god or a supreme being is a totalitarian belief that destroys individual freedom, and free expression and scientific discovery should replace religion as a means of teaching ethics and defining human civilization.

Argumentation ethics builds on the concept of Discourse ethics developed by Jürgen Habermas ( Hoppe's PhD advisor ) and Karl-Otto Apel, further on misesian praxeology and the deontological ethics of economist Murray Rothbard.

Because the concept of humility addresses intrinsic self-worth, it is emphasized in the realm of religious practice and ethics where the notion is often made more precise.

Emotivism is a meta-ethical view that claims that ethical sentences do not express propositions but emotional attitudes .< ref > Ogden and Richards, Meaning, 125: "' Good ' is alleged to stand for a unique, unanalyzable concept … is the subject matter of ethics.

However, he distinguishes it from these concepts as well, since disinformation is often too associated with government, and propaganda is a widely varying concept used to describe attempts to control opinion without regard for ethics and accuracy of statement.

Medical social workers value the ethical concept of patient self-determination although this value can conflict with the values and ethics of other disciplines in a medical setting.