He gained renown as the designer of the Soviet Union's Third Idea, a codename for Soviet development of thermonuclear weapons.

He helped to initiate the first independent legal political organizations and became prominent in the Soviet Union's growing political opposition.

During the Soviet Union's blockade of West Berlin in 1948, the commanders of the Berlin airlift had cabled Capp, requesting inflatable shmoos as part of " Operation: Little Vittles.

By winning operationally, strategically it could not keep up the momentum as the superiority of the Soviet Union's industrial base and economy began to take effect.

Historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union used that depiction of events until the Soviet Union's dissolution.

In some countries, particularly in some Communist countries, the term national bank may be used to indicate both the monetary authority and the leading banking entity, such as the Soviet Union's Gosbank ( state bank ).

* KGB, ( Russian for Committee for State Security ), the Soviet Union's security agency

It represented a powerful branch of communism that existed in opposition to the Soviet Union's " Marxist revisionism ".

From 1966 to 1976, Alexei Kosygin, Podgorny and Mikhail Suslov, all leading officials, attended a Central Committee meeting once ; it was in 1973 to ratify the Soviet Union's treaty with West Germany.

Failed attempts at reform, a standstill economy, and the success of United states of America against the Soviet Union's forces in the war in Afghanistan led to a general feeling of discontent, especially in the Baltic republics and Eastern Europe.

The war in Afghanistan, often referred to as the Soviet Union's " Vietnam War ", led to increased public dissatisfaction with the Communist regime.

A major factor in the Soviet Union's collapse was when Gorbachev realized that the Soviet Union as it was could not compete economically with the United States.

US President Reagan also actively hindered the Soviet Union's ability to sell natural gas to Europe whilst simultaneously actively working to keep gas prices low, which kept the price of Soviet oil low and further starved the Soviet Union of foreign capital.

On 1 December 1988, the Supreme Soviet amended the Soviet constitution to allow for the establishment of a Congress of People's Deputies as the Soviet Union's new supreme legislative body.

In elections to the regional assemblies of the Soviet Union's constituent republics, nationalists as well as radical reformers swept the board.

By contrast, the Soviet Union's transition was much more problematic and its successor republics faced a sharp decline in GDP during the early 1990s.

Eisenhower was also criticized for his handling of the 1960 U-2 incident and the international embarrassment, the Soviet Union's perceived leadership in the nuclear arms race and the Space Race, and his failure to publicly oppose McCarthyism.

As well, the Soviet Union's influence in Europe had increased throughout the 1920s and early 1930s.

Kyrgyzstan has been spared many of the enormous environmental problems faced by its Central Asian neighbors, primarily because its designated roles in the Soviet system involved neither heavy industry nor large-scale cotton production.

The Soviet Union had become a superpower through its adoption of a planned economy, albeit at enormous human cost.

As part of the Nazis ' effort to combat the enormous Belarusian resistance during World War II, special units of local collaborationists were trained by the SS's Otto Skorzeny to infiltrate the Soviet rear.

The first major problem facing Russia was the legacy of the Soviet Union's enormous commitment to the Cold War.

In a campaign speech in February 2004, for example, Putin called the dismantlement of the Soviet Union a " national tragedy on an enormous scale ," from which " only the elites and nationalists of the republics gained.

Before the end of World War II, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was concerned that, with the enormous size of Soviet forces deployed in Europe at the end of the war and the perception that the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was unreliable, there was a serious threat to Western Europe.

Reconstruction was impeded by a chronic labour shortage due to the enormous number of Soviet casualties in the war.

Polyakov was a CIA informant for more than 20 years before his retirement in 1980, and passed enormous amounts of information to American intelligence while he rose to the rank of General in the Soviet Army.

The enormous rock and clay dam was designed by the Soviet Hydroproject Institute along with some Egyptian engineers.

The new missile would be so accurate and carry so many warheads that even a few survivors would be able to destroy enormous numbers of any remaining Soviet force.

These plans never materialised as the Soviet Union was intent on extracting as much material as possible in order to make good in part the enormous destruction caused by the German Wehrmacht, and the policy broke down completely in 1948 when the Russians blockaded West Berlin and the period known as the Cold War began.

Such loosening of controls also caused an enormous impact on other socialist countries in Central Europe, many of which were resentful of Soviet influence in their affairs.

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was concerned that, given the enormous size of Soviet forces deployed in Europe at the end of the war, and the perception that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was unreliable, there existed a Soviet threat to Western Europe.

After Reagan's military buildup, the Soviet Union did not respond by further building its military because the enormous military expenses, along with inefficient planned manufacturing and collectivized agriculture, were already a heavy burden for the Soviet economy.

Negroponte was opposed to early drafts of peace settlements on the ground that they would have left undisturbed the enormous threat presented by expansion of the Nicaraguan armed forces with Soviet and Cuban aid.

In 1971, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a decision " About the measures for further development of Kishinev city " that secured more than one billion rubles of investment from the USSR budget Subsequent decisions directed enormous wealth and brought highly qualified specialists from all over the USSR to develop the Soviet republic.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, in his book about the Soviet era labor camps, Gulag Archipelago, quoted Chekhov extensively to illustrate the enormous deterioration of living conditions of the inmates in the Soviet era compared with those of the katorga inmates of Chekhov's time.

William Stout's designs for the all-metal Ford 4-AT and 5-AT trimotors, Andrei Tupolev's designs in Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union for a series of all-metal aircraft of steadily increasing size, culminating in the enormous, eight-engined Maxim Gorky, and with Donald Douglas ' firm's development of the Douglas DC-3 twin-engined airliner, were among the most successful designs to emerge from the era through the use of all-metal airframes.

After the war, the Soviet authorities commissioned the enormous Mamayev Kurgan memorial complex.

However, neither the poem nor the novel ushered in a new or consistent policy of literary freedom in the Soviet Union as Khruschchev did not foresee the enormous reaction from the publication of such literature.

The Soviet Union will fight neither a conventional nor a nuclear war over Berlin, and neither will its Warsaw Pact allies.

At first a conventional member of the international Communist movement, the CPC broke with its counterpart in the Soviet Union over ideological differences in the 1960s.

His New Look policy of nuclear deterrence gave priority to inexpensive nuclear weapons while reducing the funding for conventional military forces ; the goal was to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits.

The premise is that the United States / NATO and the Soviet Union / Warsaw Pact have fought a lengthy conventional war, followed by a ( limited ) nuclear war with all its consequences.

Presumably, the United States hoped atomic weapons could offset the Soviet Union's larger conventional ground forces in Eastern Europe, and possibly be used to pressure Soviet leader Joseph Stalin into making concessions.

During the Cold War, it was presumed to be an invasion route for any conventional war between NATO and Soviet forces.

Swedes hoped that the U. S. would use conventional and nuclear weapons in case of a Soviet attack on Sweden.

Soviet conventional superiority, shown by the fact that the Soviet Union certainly was prepared for war in Europe, having massed armored, mechanized, artillery, and air forces poised along the Inner German and Czech borders, led by the dreaded Third Shock Army of the Soviet Union, caused NATO to consider the use of tactical nuclear weapons to stop the " steamroller " of the Red Army if they decided to take a drive through the Fulda Gap or an amble through the North German Plain.

The official nuclear policy of the United States was one of " massive retaliation ", as coined by President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, which called for massive attack against the Soviet Union if they were to invade Europe, regardless of whether it was a conventional or a nuclear attack.

In the event of a Soviet conventional attack on Western Europe, NATO planned to use tactical nuclear weapons.

Russian refusal to accept invitations to participate in NATO BMD may be indicative of the lack of an alternative to MAD in current Russian war fighting strategy due to dilapidation of conventional forces after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

At the time, in the West the euphemism " strategic weapons " was used to refer to the American nuclear arsenal, which was presented as a necessary deterrent against nuclear or conventional attack from the Soviet Union ( see Mutual Assured Destruction ).

Rather than making extensive preparations for battlefield nuclear combat in Central Europe, the Soviet General Staff emphasized conventional military operations and believing that they had an advantage there.

" The Soviet military leadership believed that conventional superiority provided the Warsaw Pact with the means to approximate the effects of nuclear weapons and achieve victory in Europe without resort to those weapons.

A 7. 62x39mm M43 calibre experimental assault rifle was developed by German A. Korobov in the Soviet Union around 1945, and a further development, the TKB-408 was entered for the 1946 – 47 assault rifle trials by the Soviet Army, although it was rejected in favour of the more conventional AK-47.

Some observers believe that the Vietnam War was a necessary attritive component to this war — Soviet industrial capacity was diverted to conventional arms in North Vietnam, rather than development of new weapons and nuclear weapons — but evidence would need to be found that the then-current administration of the US saw it thus.

Known as Battle of Jalalabad, it was intended to gain a conventional victory on Soviet Union after Soviet Union had withdrawn its troops.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the MOD does not foresee any short-term conventional military threat ; rather, it has identified weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism, and failed and failing states as the overriding threats to the UK's interests.

The moderates believed that the economic viability of North Vietnam should come before support of a massive and conventional southern war and who generally followed the Soviet line of peaceful coexistence by reunifying Vietnam through political means.

Moscow, on the other hand, advocated negotiations, but simultaneously armed Hanoi's forces to conduct a conventional war on the Soviet model.