For subjectivists probability corresponds to a ' personal belief '.

For objectivists, probability objectively measures the plausibility of propositions, i. e. the probability of a proposition corresponds to a reasonable belief everyone ( even a " robot ") sharing the same knowledge should share in accordance with the rules of Bayesian statistics, which can be justified by requirements of rationality and consistency.

For this reason, the Ratnatraya gives a very strong emphasis to samyak dhyan ( rationality in thoughts ) and " samyak darshan " ( rationality in perception ) and not just " samyak charitra " ( rationality in conduct ).

For Rand, all of the principal virtues are applications of the role of reason as man's basic tool of survival: rationality, honesty, justice, independence, integrity, productiveness, and pride — each of which she explains in some detail in " The Objectivist Ethics.

For most people, " rationality " means " sane ," " in a thoughtful clear-headed manner ," or knowing and doing what's healthy in the long term.

For such " rationality ", the decision maker's goals are taken as part of the model, and not made subject to criticism, ethical or otherwise.

For example, models of individual behavior under bounded rationality and of people suffering from envy can be found in the literature.

For that he was criticized by Galen for whom the experimental method contradicted rationality.

For Jung, logos represented the masculine principle of rationality, in contrast to its female counterpart, eros:

For them, the war is to be waged free of any constraints or mercy and is run with the cold rationality of professionals.

For example, the conservatism of Edmund Burke would be near the middle on the left-right scale, but near the bottom on the " rationality " scale ( 3 / 1 ', in Pournelle-style notation ), because Burke believed that human society was not perfectible and was skeptical about initiatives intended to improve society.

For instance, he claimed that the theory of probabilities was just another way of complexifying reality through a deepening of rationality ( even though critics like Lord Kelvin found this theory irrational ).

For instance, the Aristotelian definition of " man " is " rational animal "; its genus being animal, and what sets apart man from other animals is his rationality.

For Foucault this was the exact opposite because after the Second World War, the war machine that was unleashed was due to the fact that the system of economic rationality had completely broken down and the organisational network of world trade ( world trade starting period 1870 ) and its accompanied trade settlement system had completely become untenable in which trust in the final payment settlement system had completely vanished, settlements of payment of trade were never met ; they were simply not paid, therefore initiating the military machine and the Carl von Clausewitz dream " War is the continuation of politics by other means " precipitating the systematic slaughtering of millions.

For several years it has been thought that the assumption of common knowledge of rationality for the players in the game was fundamental.

For Hermarchus, this was an example of social progress and an increase in rationality.

For without Kant, Berkeley was not able to give an account of the coherence of our experience that squared with his empiricism.

For microscopic bodies, the extension of the system is much smaller than the coherence length, which gives rise to long-range entanglement and other nonlocal phenomena that are characteristic of quantum systems.

For coherence theories in general, truth requires a proper fit of elements within a whole system.

For an electromagnetic wave, the coherence time is the time over which a propagating wave ( especially a laser or maser beam ) may be considered coherent.

For example, with a multipath time of 3 μs ( corresponding to a 1 km of added on-air travel for the last received impulse ), there is a coherence bandwidth of about 330 kHz.

For coherence requires that the autonomy of criticism, the need to eradicate its conception as " a parasitic form of literary expression,.

For this reason, many of the larger systems (> 64 processors ) use this type of cache coherence.

For example, although far-field thermal radiation at distances from surfaces of more than one wavelength is generally not coherent to any extent, near-field thermal radiation ( i. e., radiation at distances of a fraction of various radiation wavelengths ) may exhibit a degree of both temporal and spatial coherence.

For example, a stabilized helium-neon laser can produce light with coherence lengths in excess of 5 m. Not all lasers are monochromatic, however ( e. g. for a mode-locked Ti-sapphire laser, Δλ ≈ 2 nm-70 nm ).

( For fermions, such as electrons, only even orders of coherence / ODLRO are possible.

For centuries, teachers and educators have seen the importance of organization, coherence, and emphasis in good writing.

For time scaling operations amplitude coherence is only a minor problem because shifting analysis frames in time has only a minor impact on the amplitude.

For Warren, it is the coherence of responding to racist narratives in the struggle for civil rights that establishes the body of African American literature, and the scholar suggests that continuing to refer to the texts produced after the civil rights era as such is a symptom of nostalgia or a belief that the struggle for civil rights has not yet ended.

For example, the coherence of the underlying set of concepts is considered to be critical factor in judging its coherence and validity.

For example, Sir Michael Rutter stated that the concept of DAMP ( unlike ADHD ) was " muddled " and " lacks both internal coherence and external discriminative validity ... it has no demonstrated treatment or prognostic implications "; he concluded that the concept should be abandoned.

For example, in a herd of feral goats it is a large male that is dominant and maintains discipline and coherence of the flock.

For this reason wormholes have been defined geometrically, as opposed to topologically, as regions of spacetime that constrain the incremental deformation of closed surfaces.

For this application of train tracks to laminations, it is often important to constrain the shapes that can be formed by connected components of the surface between the curves of the track.

For fifty years, linguist Noam Chomsky has argued for the hypothesis that children have innate, language-specific abilities that facilitate and constrain language learning.

For an experiment to qualify as a binomial experiment, it must have four properties: ( 1 ) there must be a fixed number of trials, ( 2 ) each trial must result in a `` success '' or a `` failure '' ( a binomial trial ), ( 3 ) all trials must have identical probabilities of success, ( 4 ) the trials must be independent of each other.

For a discrete probability function f ( y ), let y < sub > i </ sub >, i = 1 to n, be the points with non-zero probabilities indexed in increasing order ( y < sub > i </ sub > < y < sub > i + 1 </ sub >).

For example, one can talk about motion of a wave or a quantum particle ( or any other field ) where the configuration consists of probabilities of occupying specific positions.

For small bit error probabilities, this is approximately

For example, if two events are Heads and Tails, then the probability of Heads-or-Tails must be equal to the sum of probabilities for Heads and Tails ).

For example, given three elements 1, 2 and 3 with probabilities 1 / 4, 1 / 4 and 1 / 2, the value assigned to

For sufficiently nice prior probabilities, the Bernstein-von Mises theorem gives that in the limit of infinite trials and the posterior converges to a Gaussian distribution independent of the initial prior under some conditions firstly outlined and rigorously proven by Joseph Leo Doob in 1948, namely if the random variable in consideration has a finite probability space.

For example, the transition probabilities from 5 to 4 and 5 to 6 are both 0. 5, and all other transition probabilities from 5 are 0.

For example, the probability of flipping two coins ( coin A and coin B ) and having at least one land head-up can be expressed as the sum of the probabilities for three specific events: coin A heads (↑) with B tails (↓), coin A heads (↑) with B heads (↑), and coin A tails (↓) with B heads (↑).

For a particle described by probability theory random walking on a line, the analogous thing is the list of probabilities, which give the probability of any position.

For this to be a probability distribution the sum of the probabilities at each point must equal 1, so our constraint is

For example if the constant, c, equals 1, the probabilities of a move to the left at positions x

For example, if these models are not grounded in Hilbert spaces and probabilities, they belong to the class of theories with local hidden variables that some deem ruled out experimentally using Bell's theorem.

For example, geometry has its origins in the calculation of distances and areas in the real world ; statistics has its origins in the calculation of probabilities in gambling ; and algebra started with methods of solving problems in arithmetic.

For calculating probabilities we can ignore the distinction between the two opponents holding and and the opponents holding and.

For all words in each training email, the filter will adjust the probabilities that each word will appear in spam or legitimate email in its database.

For example, assuming the individual probabilities follow a chi-squared distribution with 2N degrees of freedom, one could use the formula:

For other channel models, the messages passed between the variable nodes and check nodes are real numbers, which express probabilities and likelihoods of belief.

For such ratio distributions, there can be defined probabilities for intervals which can be defined either by Monte Carlo simulation, or, in some cases, by using the Geary-Hinkley transformation.

For toy Feistel ciphers, it was observed that those with complex and well-designed key schedules can reach a uniform distribution for the probabilities of differentials and linear hulls faster than those with poorly-designed key schedules.

For example, in case of medical emergency, there may not be enough time to do any detailed calculations or estimations of different probabilities, in which case the ABC protocol may be more appropriate.

For example, suppose we wish to test whether a coin is fair ( i. e. has equal probabilities of producing a head or a tail ).