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For objectivists, probability objectively measures the plausibility of propositions, i. e. the probability of a proposition corresponds to a reasonable belief everyone ( even a " robot ") sharing the same knowledge should share in accordance with the rules of Bayesian statistics, which can be justified by requirements of rationality and consistency.
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For and probability
For him, " probability " means a higher chance of occurring, and brings about a higher degree of subjective expectation in the viewer.
* For the frequentist a hypothesis is a proposition ( which must be either true or false ), so that the frequentist probability of a hypothesis is either one or zero.
For subjectivists probability corresponds to a ' personal belief '.
For example, Hacking writes " And neither the Dutch book argument, nor any other in the personalist arsenal of proofs of the probability axioms, entails the dynamic assumption.
For example, the probability that an alpha particle striking a beryllium target will produce a neutron can be expressed as the equivalent cross section of beryllium for this type of reaction.
For example, in a system where there is no queuing, the GoS may be that no more than 1 call in 100 is blocked ( i. e., rejected ) due to all circuits being in use ( a GoS of 0. 01 ), which becomes the target probability of call blocking, P < sub > b </ sub >, when using the Erlang B formula.
For example, if one flips a fair coin 21 times, then the probability of 21 heads is 1 in 2, 097, 152 ( above ).
For most types of hashing functions the choice of the function depends strongly on the nature of the input data, and their probability distribution in the intended application.
For any information rate R < C and coding error ε > 0, for large enough N, there exists a code of length N and rate ≥ R and a decoding algorithm, such that the maximal probability of block error is ≤ ε ; that is, it is always possible to transmit with arbitrarily small block error.
For instance, if a particle is in a state | ψ ⟩, the probability of finding it in a region of volume d < sup > 3 </ sup > x surrounding some position x is
For example, consider a model which gives the probability density function of observable random variable X as a function of a parameter θ.
For example, the result of a significance test depends on the probability of a result as extreme or more extreme than the observation, and that probability may depend on the design of the experiment.
For a discrete probability function f ( y ), let y < sub > i </ sub >, i = 1 to n, be the points with non-zero probabilities indexed in increasing order ( y < sub > i </ sub > < y < sub > i + 1 </ sub >).
For a probability density function f ( x ) with the cumulative distribution function F ( x ), the Lorenz curve L ( F ( x )) is given by:
For a probability distribution, the mean is equal to the sum or integral over every possible value weighted by the probability of that value.
For example, naive Bayes and linear discriminant analysis are joint probability models, whereas logistic regression is a conditional probability model.
For the special case where is a joint probability distribution and the loss function is the negative log likelihood a risk minimization algorithm is said to perform generative training, because can be regarded as a generative model that explains how the data were generated.
For calling to have a positive expectation, Alice must believe the probability of her opponent having a weak hand is over 40 percent.
For example, seven shuffles of a new deck leaves an 81 % probability of winning New Age Solitaire where the probability is 50 % with a uniform random deck ( Mann, especially section 10 ).
For and objectively
For instance, only whites, and not Hispanics, could cover rock music credibly, objectively and authoritatively.
( For example, a sketch of a hole that is clearly not round still accurately defines the part as having a true round hole, as long as the label says " 10mm DIA ", because the " DIA " implicitly but objectively tells the user that the skewed drawn circle is a symbol representing a perfect circle.
For example: Carl Troll conceives of landscape not as a mental construct but as an objectively given ‘ organic entity ’, a ‘‘ harmonic individuum of space ’’.
The announcement of this partnership stated, " For the first time ever, the People ’ s Choice Awards has incorporated Internet video viewing data into the initial nominee selection process, depending on Visible Measures ’ True Reach metrics to objectively measure online video popularity.
For this reason, it is a principle of Jewish law that " Jephthah in his generation is as Samuel in his generation ": one is bound by the current authorities, rather than by previous authorities however objectively superior.
For the Modistae, grammatical forms, the modi significandi of verbs, nouns, and adjectives, comprise the deep ontological structure of language, which objectively reflects reality.
For and measures
* For a normal distribution, the arithmetic mean is equal to both the median and the mode, other measures of central tendency.
For example, it should not matter whether one measures the distance between the Great Pyramids of Giza by laser rangefinding, by satellite imaging, or with a meter stick-in all three cases, the answer should be approximately the same.
For example, Keynesians support a role for government in providing corrective measures, such as use of fiscal policy for economy stimulus, when decisions in the private sector are believed to lead to suboptimal economic outcomes, such as depression or recession, which manifest in widespread hardship.
For stationary and shaft engines including propeller engines, fuel consumption is measured by calculating the brake specific fuel consumption, which measures the mass flow rate of fuel consumption divided by the power produced.
For rockets, TSFC can be used, but typically other equivalent measures are traditionally used, such as specific impulse and effective exhaust velocity.
For example, Gq and Grw may be seen as measures of school achievement and not IQ.
For more information see measures of national income and output.
For example, though a high speed impact with the surface of a planet or star may cause no harm to the hull, the occupants will be crushed if they are not protected by additional measures such as a stasis field or a gravity compensating field.
For very many sites, the costs are too great for either active measures to ensure in situ preservation or to provide for satisfactory conservation on recovery.
For the first time ever, security measures prevent anyone who was not a track employee from working the race, with a nearby military base handling logistics.
For one, Washington had been taking measures to cultivate a constructive relationship with Iraq for roughly a decade.
For years, the country had taken measures to ensure the availability of petroleum reserves, particularly for use by the Navy.
For example, Alabama Klansmen like Hugo Black were among the foremost advocates of better public schools, effective Prohibition enforcement, expanded road construction, and other " progressive " measures to benefit poor whites.
For example, volunteer winter wheat will germinate to quite high levels in a following oilseed rape crop, usually requiring chemical control measures.
For instance, some measures count only goods and services that are exchanged for money, excluding bartered goods, while other measures may attempt to include bartered goods by imputing monetary values to them.
For example, lobbying by the sugar manufacturers might result in an inefficient subsidy for the production of sugar, either direct or by protectionist measures.
For CRPS, a replicated case series and a randomised repeated measures experiment both demonstrated an effect of tactile discrimination training on pain, disability and sensory function, in people with CRPS of various durations.
For people at risk of heart disease, measures such as blood pressure control, cholesterol lowering, and other medico-therapeutic interventions are used.
For most applications, it is, in effect, a non-destructive technique that measures the surface chemistry of any material.
For Caffarelli Gluck composed the famous, but notoriously difficult, aria " Se mai senti spirarti sul volto ," which provoked admiration and vituperation in equally large measures.
For example, in the second movement of Beethoven's piano sonata known as the " Moonlight Sonata ", the first four measures are played in the dominant key.
For the political level, measures of innovation are more focused on a country or region competitive advantage through innovation.
For example, Newtonian physics, general relativity and quantum mechanics are three distinct systems, each scientifically proven to have integrity according to their base assumptions and measures, but all three of which produce different extrapolated values when applied to real world situations.
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