Pope Gregory XI's return to Rome in 1377, followed by his death and the controversial election of his successor, Pope Urban VI, resulted in the defection of a number of cardinals and the election of a rival pope based at Avignon in 1378.

John Hawkwood, papal condottiere in Gregory XI's wars against Milan

When Gregory XI's war against Milan ended in 1375, many Florentines feared that the pope would turn his military attention toward Tuscany ; thus, Florence paid off Gregory XI's main military commander, English condottiere John Hawkwood, with 130, 000 florins, extracted from local clergy, bishops, abbots, monasteries, and ecclesiastical institutions, by an eight-member committee appointed by the Signoria of Florence, the otto dei preti.

As a result of Gregory XI's economic sanctions, merchants of the Florentine " diaspora " were hurt economically throughout Europe, particularly the Alberti bankers in Avignon, although the interdict was ignored by many, including Charles V of France.

Under the treaty, Florence was to pay the Pope 200, 000 florins ( as opposed to Pope Gregory XI's original indemnity requirement of 1, 000, 000 florins ), repeal all laws placed against the Church by the secular government, and restore all property confiscated or looted from the clergy.

Pope Gregory XI's bull of excommunication referred to the " Eight Saints " as the " Eight Priests.

But when tiny, 145-pound Albert Gregory Pearson of the Los Angeles Angels, who once caught three straight fly balls in center field because, as a teammate explained, `` the other team thought no one was out there '', hits seven home runs in four months ( three more than his total in 1958, 1959, and 1960 ), his achievement borders on the ridiculous.

The original 22-member Board of Trustees included Chair Gregory Peck and Vice Chair Sidney Poitier as well as Francis Ford Coppola, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Jack Valenti and other representatives from the arts and academia.

Bishop Christian continued his mission in Sambia ( Samland ), where from 1233 to 1239 he was held captive by pagan Prussians, and freed in trade for five other hostages who then in turn were released for a ransom of 800 Marks, granted to him by Pope Gregory IX.

On the other hand, Gregory refers to Æthelberht at the time of his marriage to Bertha, simply as " a man of Kent ", and in the 589 passage concerning Ingoberg ’ s death, which was written in about 590 or 591, he refers to Æthelberht as " the son of the king of Kent ".

Julian resolved, in late 362, to vigorously prosecute Gregory and his other Christian critics ; however, the emperor perished the following year during a campaign against the Persians.

Gregory Nagy, on the other hand, sees both Persēs (" the destroyer ": / perthō ) and Hēsiodos (" he who emits the voice :" / hiēmi + / audē ) as fictitious names for poetical personae.

Louis also ordered, at the urging of Pope Gregory IX, the burning in Paris in 1243 of some 12, 000 manuscript copies of the Talmud and other Jewish books.

Although the description " servant of the servants of God " was also used by other Church leaders, including St. Augustine and St. Benedict, it was first used extensively as a papal title by Pope St. Gregory the Great, reportedly as a lesson in humility for Patriarch of Constantinople John the Faster, who had assumed the title " Ecumenical Patriarch ".

The name of his father might point to a familial relation with two other Popes: Felix III ( 483 – 492 ) and Gregory I ( 590 – 604 ).

He issued two other decrees: one confirmed an earlier decree of Pope Gregory X that ordered the shutting of the cardinals in a conclave to elect a new pope ; the second declared the right of any pope to abdicate the papacy, a right that he himself exercised at the end of five months and eight days at Naples on 13 December 1294.

In 833, Gregory completely rebuilt St Mark ’ s Basilica in Rome, adorning the walls with Byzantine-style mosaics, as well as a number of other churches which he either repaired or rebuilt.

On July 8 833, Gregory wrote to the bishops of “ Gaul, Europe and Germany ” declaring that Aldric had every right to appeal to the pope, and that until the pope had issued a judgement one way or the other, no-one could pass a sentence against him.

" Gregory secured for the Ludovisi two dukedoms, one for his brother Orazio, made a Nobile Romano and Duke of Fiano Romano, 1621, and the other, the Duchy of Zagarolo, purchased from the Colonna family by his nephew Ludovico Ludovisi in 1622.

Desiderius, abbot of Monte Cassino was first chosen pope as Victor III when Gregory VII died in 1085, but after Victor's short reign, Otho was elected Pope Urban II by acclamation ( March 1088 ) at a small meeting of cardinals and other prelates held in Terracina in March 1088.

“ Thus we find them emerging at once in the eleventh century, in countries the most diverse, and the most remote from each other, in Italy, France, and even in the Harz districts in Germany .” Likewise, also, “ traces of Sabbath-keepers are found in the times of Gregory I, Gregory VII, and in the twelfth century in Lombardy .”

Together with Lady Gregory, Martyn, and other writers including J. M. Synge, Seán O ' Casey, and Padraic Colum, Yeats was one of those responsible for the establishment of the " Irish Literary Revival " movement.

After a failed call for a crusade to the princes of northern Europe, and after obtaining the support of other Norman princes such as Landulf VI of Benevento and Richard I of Capua, Gregory was able to excommunicate Robert in 1074.

Gregory VII replied with a rough letter, dated 8 December 1075, in which, among other charges, he accused the German king of breaching his word and with his continued support of excommunicated councilors.

Gregory, on the other hand, was intent on reserving his freedom of action and gave no hint on the subject at Canossa

The relationship of Gregory to other European states was strongly influenced by his German policy, since the Holy Roman Empire, by taking up most of his energies, often forced him to show to other rulers the very moderation which he withheld from the German king.

According to Gregory, the differences between the three persons of the Trinity reside in their relationships with each other, and the triune nature of God is revealed through divine action ( despite the unity of God in His action ).

Considering this, it seems possible that Gregory was familiar with Plotinus and perhaps other figures in neoplatonism.

The other nationes of the university declared their support for the side of Pope Gregory XII, thus the vote was 1: 3 against the Bohemians.

The same word in adjectival form ( purgatorius-a-um, cleansing ), which appears also in non-religious writing, was already used by Christians such as Augustine of Hippo and Pope Gregory I to refer to an after-death cleansing.

Transmission, Gregory Chaitin also presents this theorem in J. ACM – Chaitin's paper was submitted October 1966 and revised in December 1968, and cites both Solomonoff's and Kolmogorov's papers.

He also knew Orosius's Adversus Paganus, and Gregory of Tours ' Historia Francorum, both Christian histories, as well as the work of Eutropius, a pagan historian.

Bede would also have been familiar with more recent accounts such as Eddius Stephanus's Life of Wilfrid, and anonymous Lives of Gregory the Great and Cuthbert.

In ancient literature, we find a reference to the workings of water-powered marble saws close to Trier, now Germany, by the late 4th century poet Ausonius ; about the same time, these mill types seem also to be indicated by the Christian saint Gregory of Nyssa from Anatolia, demonstrating a diversified use of water-power in many parts of the Roman Empire.

By the mid-20th century many rhyming slang expressions used the names of contemporary personalities, especially actors and performers: for example " Gregory Peck " meaning " neck " and also " cheque "; " Ruby Murray " meaning " curry "; " Alans ", meaning " knickers " from Alan Whicker ; " Max Miller " meaning " pillow " when pronounced / ˈpilə / and " Henry Halls ".

She also worked to bring the papacy of Gregory XI back to Rome from its displacement in France, and to establish peace among the Italian city-states.

She carried on a long correspondence with Pope Gregory XI, also asking him to reform the clergy and the administration of the Papal States.

She also tried to convince Pope Gregory XI to return to Rome.

Gregory XII then sent representatives to Constance, whom he granted full powers to summon, open and preside over an Ecumenical Council ; he also empowered them to present his resignation to the Papacy.

Some of Pope Gregory the Great ’ s letters survive that relate to the mission of St. Augustine to Kent in 597 ; these letters provide information about the mission specifically, but also can be used to draw conclusions about the state of Kent and its relationships with its neighbours.

Gregory, however, also says that he thinks that Ingoberg was seventy years old in 589 ; and this would make her about forty when she married Charibert.

In 318, Gregory appointed his second son Aristaces as the next Catholicos in line of Armenia's Holy Apostolic Church to stabilize and continue strengthening Christianity not only in Armenia, but also in the Caucasus and Anatolia.

Gregory also placed and instructed his grandson Gregory ( one of the sons of Vrtanes ) in charge of the holy missions to the peoples and tribes of all of the Caucasus and Caucasian Albania.

Gregory of Nazianzus ( c. 329 – January 25 389 or 390 ) ( also known as Gregory the Theologian or Gregory Nazianzen ; ) was a 4th-century Archbishop of Constantinople.

This view of Gregory is also held by some modern theologians, such as John Sachs who said that Gregory had " leanings " toward apocatastasis, but in a " cautious, undogmatic " way.

Apart from the several theological discourses, Gregory was also one of the most important early Christian men of letters, a very accomplished orator, perhaps one of the greatest of his time, and also a very prolific poet, writing several poems with theological and moral matter and some with biographical content, about himself and about his friends ( one short poem, " Eis ta Emmetra ", actually lays down some rules for the composition of poetry ).

On Mount Athos, Barlaam encountered Hesychasts and heard descriptions of their practices, also reading the writings of the teacher in Hesychasm of St Gregory Palamas, himself an Athonite monk.

St Gregory defended hesychasm in the 1340s at three different synods in Constantinople, and he also wrote a number of works in its defense.

One of Barlaam's friends, Gregory Akindynos, who originally was also a friend of St Gregory Palamas, took up the controversy, which also played a role in the civil war between the supporters of John Cantacuzenus and John V Palaeologus.