The absence of successful Negroes in the world of scholarship and science has tended to tamp down enthusiasm among Negro youth for academic careers.

Academic elitism is the criticism that academia or academicians are prone to elitism, or that certain experts or intellectuals propose ideas based more on support from academic colleagues than on real world experience.

In the relatively calm academic world Jacob Neusner's combatively titled How Adin Steinsaltz Misrepresents the Talmud.

It was highly influential in the advancement of modern cryptography in the academic world.

The database research area has several notable dedicated academic journals ( e. g., ACM Transactions on Database Systems-TODS, Data and Knowledge Engineering-DKE, and more ) and annual conferences ( e. g., ACM SIGMOD, ACM PODS, VLDB, IEEE ICDE, and more ), as well as an active and quite heterogeneous ( subject-wise ) research community all over the world.

Throughout much of the academic world, the term " doctor " refers to an individual who has earned a degree of Doctor of Philosophy, or Ph. D. ( an abbreviation for the Latin Philosophiæ Doctor ; or alternatively Doctor philosophiæ, D. Phil., meaning Teacher of Philosophy ), or other research doctorate such as the Doctor of Science, or Sc. D.

Throughout his life, he was offered many positions of honor and profit throughout the academic world but declined them all, preferring the uncertain but sufficient rewards of independent literary activity.

Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world ( centered at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work of Alfred Marshall ), Robbins invited Hayek to join the faculty at LSE, which he did in 1931.

According to Nicholas Kaldor, Hayek's theory of the time-structure of capital and of the business cycle initially " fascinated the academic world " and appeared to offer a less " facile and superficial " understanding of macroeconomics than the Cambridge school's.

However since the mid-1990s, with home computers that could run Unix-like operating systems and with inexpensive internet home access being available for the first time, many people from outside of the academic world started to take part in the programmer subculture of hacking.

*" Variations and voids: the regulation of human cloning around the world " academic article by S. Pattinson & T. Caulfield

Ivy League university financial endowments range from Brown's $ 2. 2 billion to Harvard's $ 32 billion, the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world.

In North America, Europe, and other parts of the world, academic libraries are becoming increasingly digitally oriented.

Most academic sources maintain that the associations made between world events and Nostradamus's quatrains are largely the result of misinterpretations or mistranslations ( sometimes deliberate ) or else are so tenuous as to render them useless as evidence of any genuine predictive power.

The OSI initiated an Affiliate Membership program for " government-recognized non-profit charitable and not-for-profit industry associations and academic institutions anywhere in the world ".

Persuasive precedent includes cases decided by lower courts, by peer or higher courts from other geographic jurisdictions, cases made in other parallel systems ( for example, military courts, administrative courts, indigenous / tribal courts, state courts versus federal courts in the United States ), statements made in dicta, treatises or academic law reviews, and in some exceptional circumstances, cases of other nations, treaties, world judicial bodies, etc.

From the end of World War II until 1971, when John Rawls published A Theory of Justice, political philosophy declined in the Anglo-American academic world, as analytic philosophers expressed skepticism about the possibility that normative judgments had cognitive content, and political science turned toward statistical methods and behavioralism.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the academic practice of comparative religion divided religious belief into philosophically defined categories called " world religions.

Three weeks after opening, a spectacular international academic festival was held in celebration, bringing Rice to the attention of the entire academic world.

The Stanford University Libraries and Academic Information Resources ( SULAIR ) hold a collection of nearly 9 million volumes, 260, 000 rare or special books, 1. 5 million e-books, 1. 5 million audiovisual materials, 75, 000 serials, 6 million microform holdings, and thousands of other digital resources, making it one of the largest and most diverse academic library systems in the world.

Other motivations are recognition by their peers and prestige, or the desire to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of people's health, the nations, the world, nature or industries ( academic scientist and industrial scientist ).

Scheme was developed at the MIT AI Lab by Guy L. Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman who introduced it to the academic world via a series of memos, now referred to as the Lambda Papers, over the period 1975 – 1980.

" She has also characterized " academic feminism's love affair with deconstructionism " as " toothless ", and warned that it " distract from constructive engagement with the problems of the public world ".

In a bold, sometimes careless, form there is nothing academic ; ;

The contemporary historian James W. Loewen agrees with the oral traditions in his book, Lies Across America: What Our Historic Markers and Monuments Get Wrong ( 1999 ), but there is not a consensus within the professional academic community.

Consequently, there was little public concern with the issues and debate had been confined largely to academic circles until, in November 2010, the announcement that Prince William was to marry.

In principle and in academic use, an arbitrage is risk-free ; in common use, as in statistical arbitrage, it may refer to expected profit, though losses may occur, and in practice, there are always risks in arbitrage, some minor ( such as fluctuation of prices decreasing profit margins ), some major ( such as devaluation of a currency or derivative ).

While there is not a large body of academic work examining the relationship, Hironaka's statistical study found a correlation that suggests that every major international anti-secessionist declaration increased the number of ongoing civil wars by + 10 %, or a total + 114 % from 1945 to 1997.

In the 1970s there were very few cryptographers, except for those in military or intelligence organizations, and little academic study of cryptography.

Brubaker notes that,, there were also academic books or articles on the Dixie, white, liberal, gay, queer and digital diasporas.

It is asserted that, as a result, most major academic libraries in the US do not use the DDC because the classification of works in those areas is not specific enough, although there are other reasons that may truly be more weighty, such as the much lower expense of using a unique " pre-packaged " catalog number instead of having highly skilled staff members engaging in the time-consuming development of catalog numbers.

While there are alleged non-physical differences between men and women, major reviews of the academic literature on gender difference find only a tiny minority of characteristics where there are consistent psychological differences between men and women, and these relate directly to experiences grounded in biological difference.

However, there are organizations developing academic badges that would serve a similar purpose to a traditional degree.

Her husband's academic fraud had been exposed by one of his fellow dons there, destroying his career and driving him to suicide.

A further difference is that, historically, members of the programmer subculture of hackers were working at academic institutions and used the computing environment there.

In Lithuania and Estonia, the Jewish masses lived mainly in densely populated towns where anti-kabbalistic ( mysticism ) rabbinical academic culture ( in the yeshivot ) flourished based on just the simple understanding getting deeper from there.

Archaeologists John Hodgson and Mark Brennand suggest that bog bodies may have been related to religious practice, although there is division in the academic community over this issue and in the case of Lindow Man, whether the killing was murder or ritualistic is still debated.

At one end of the spectrum, there are extreme academic views such as those of Jacques Halbronn, suggesting at great length and with great complexity that Nostradamus's Prophecies are antedated forgeries written by later hands with a political axe to grind.

:# The avoidance, anxious anticipation or distress in the feared situation ( s ) interferes significantly with the person's normal routine, occupational ( or academic ) functioning, or social activities or relationships, or there is marked distress about having the phobia.

:# The avoidance, anxious anticipation, or distress in the feared social or performance situation ( s ) interferes significantly with the person's normal routine, occupational ( academic ) functioning, or social activities or relationships, or there is marked distress about having the phobia.

The main difficulties that haunted its development during the first two decades are still there: deficiency of means for research and development of university centers, need for funds for empirical research, a shortage of academic literature, disproportion in allocation of resources between center and periphery, deteriorating status of political science in university curriculums ( at non-political-scientist departments ) etc.

At the turn of the 20th century, there was a revival of rhetorical study manifested in the establishment of departments of rhetoric and speech at academic institutions, as well as the formation of national and international professional organizations.

Further, in academic writing, though " myth " usually means a fundamental worldview story, even there it is occasionally ambiguous or clearly denotes " falsehood ", as in the " Christ myth theory ".

The first person in the Anglo-American tradition to use the term " social geography " was George Wilson Hoke, whose paper The Study of Social Geography was published in 1907, yet there is no indication it had any academic impact.

In academic theological circles there is some debate as to whether theology is an activity peculiar to the Christian religion, such that the word " theology " should be reserved for Christian theology, and other words used to name analogous discourses within other religious traditions.

Some state in defense of this that there is perhaps a positive correlation between report frequency and academic achievement.