If light ( photons ) of frequency ν < sub > 12 </ sub > pass through the group of atoms, there is a possibility of the light being absorbed by atoms which are in the ground state, which will cause them to be excited to the higher energy state.

If the number of photons being amplified per unit time is greater than the number of photons being absorbed, then the net result is a continuously increasing number of photons being produced ; the laser medium is said to have a gain of greater than unity.

If the ground state has a higher population than the excited state ( N < sub > 1 </ sub > > N < sub > 2 </ sub >), the process of absorption dominates and there is a net attenuation of photons.

If we imagine the beam is made of photons, then every second numerous photons strike the surface and are absorbed.

If the light were totally reflected then the radiation pressure is doubled compared to total absorption, this is because the photons arrive with momentum E / c and depart with momentum-E / c ( the-ve sign indicates traveling in the opposite direction ), so the change of momentum is 2E / c.

If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band.

If the bandgap is too high, most daylight photons cannot be absorbed ; if it is too low, then most photons have much more energy than necessary to excite electrons across the bandgap, and the rest is wasted.

Prior to any measurements being made, the polarizations of the photons are indeterminate ; If a measurement is made on one of the photons using a two-channel polarizer aligned with the axes of the coordinate system, the photon assumes either horizontal or vertical polarization, with 50 % probability for each orientation, and the other two photons immediately assume the identical polarization.

If photons of a particular wavelength are absorbed by matter, then when we observe light reflected from or transmitted through that matter, what we see is the complementary color, made up of the other visible wavelengths remaining.

If the photons are formed by the collision of a particle and an antiparticle, the invariant mass is the same as the total energy of the particle and antiparticle ( their rest energy plus the kinetic energy ), in the center of mass frame, where they will automatically be moving in equal and opposite directions ( since they have equal momentum in this frame ).

If the photons are formed by the disintegration of a single particle with a well-defined rest mass, like the neutral pion, the invariant mass of the photons is equal to rest mass of the pion.

If the Universe is dominated by radiation, or by dark energy, though, those potentials do evolve, subtly changing the energy of photons passing through them.

If their main purpose is radiation measurement, they are called radiation detectors, but as photons are also ( massless ) particles, the term particle detector is still correct.

If this is the case, some or all of the photons emitted by the fluorophore may be absorbed again.

If a Dp-brane is embedded in a spacetime of d spatial dimensions, the brane carries ( in addition to its Maxwell field ) a set of d-p massless scalars ( particles which do not have polarizations like the photons making up light ).

If the optical filter passed only that frequency band, then there would be a net transfer of photons, and their energy, from the second system to the first.

If this were true however, the radiometer would spin away from the non-black faces, since the photons bouncing off those faces impart even more momentum than the photons absorbed on the black faces.

If the border was not changed, the State Line would actually reside along the LaSalle-DeKalb County border, splitting parts of Sandwich from the main areas of the incorporated community.

If they reside upon said lands intending to become citizens of the States for five years after the ratification of this Treaty, in that case a grant in fee simple shall issue ; said reservation shall include the present improvement of the head of the family, or a portion of it.

If they reside upon said lands intending to become citizens of the States for five years after the ratification of this Treaty, in that case a grant in fee simple shall issue ; said reservation shall include the present improvement of the head of the family, or a portion of it.

If the concept of national competitiveness has any substantive meaning it must reside in the factors about a nation that facilitate productivity, and alongside criticism of nebulous and erroneous conceptions of national competitiveness systematic and rigorous attempts like Thompson ’ s need to be elaborated.

If the sources reside on a separate file server and the two machines have unsynchronized clocks, the make program might not produce the correct results.

If holders of the Home Return Permit intend to reside in the Mainland on a long term basis, they are required to first obtain permission from the local prefecture / municipality police ( Public Security Bureau ), from whom they will obtain a special long-term residence permit if their application is accepted.

If a person was afflicted with tzaraath in their skin, they were required to wear torn clothes, keep their hair unkempt, cover the lower part of their face, cry out impure, impure, and reside away from other people ; a few medical historians, such as Arturo Castiglioni, regard this as the first model of sanitary legislation.

If they did become a stable couple, they could reside with either family, settling with which ever was beneficial at a time.

If a person is not a New Zealand citizen by birth, but is subsequently adopted in New Zealand by an adoption order under the terms of the Adoption Act 1955 on or after 1 January 2006 by a person entitled to reside indefinitely in New Zealand ( i. e. a New Zealand citizen or permanent resident, an Australian citizen or permanent resident ), the Cook Islands, Niue or Tokelau ), the person becomes a New Zealand citizen.

If you have taken this stroll in the morning, and you have the time and inclination, walk to the right along the crowded Corso for half a dozen blocks to visit the fine private collection of paintings -- mainly of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries -- in the Palazzo Doria ( open Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday, 10:00 to 1:00 ).

If the greater values of one variable mainly correspond with the greater values of the other variable, and the same holds for the smaller values, i. e., the variables tend to show similar behavior, the covariance is a positive number.

The song " Mississippi Moon " is mainly inspired on the song " If I Could Fly ", which King's X played in shows after they had changed their name to its definite version, King's X.

If approved most of the proposed new developments will be sited by reclaiming land from the sea bed within the two existing breakwaters mainly near the current ' Ocean Lab ' and along side the existing ferry terminal access roads.

If there is more than one cock on the lek, it is mainly the alpha-cock who copulates with the hens present.

An operational account of concepts mainly eliminates the ineffable: " If your hours are felt as twice as long as mine, your pounds twice as heavy, that makes no difference, which can be tested, in our assignment of physical properties to things.

If 10 < sup > 8 </ sup > cells of a wild type strain are plated on agar plates containing phenyl-Gal, the rare colonies which grow are mainly spontaneous mutants affecting the repressor.

If there is a difference in the content of the disciplines described, it mainly lies in the training or experience of the practitioner.

If the radios are used mainly inside buildings, then UHF is likely the best solution since its shorter wavelength travels through the building better.

If this is not fully clear from Marx's writings, that is perhaps mainly because he never theorised the sphere of final consumption in any detail, nor the way in which commerce reshapes the way that final consumption takes place.

Other artists released on the label early on covered a wide range of music, but later were mainly soul acts, including Donnie Elbert, The Softones, Maxine Brown, Chocolate Syrup, Limmie & The Family Cookin ', and even Della Reese with a disco-styled outing, " If It Feels Good ".

If not terminated fast enough, there will be damage to the cell membrane, which consists mainly of lipids.

According to one writer, " If you had to make a short list of regions in the United States where regional food is actually consumed on a daily basis, the land of the Pennsylvania Dutch -- in and around Lancaster County, Pennsylvania -- would be at or near the top of that list ," mainly because the area is a cultural enclave of Pennsylvania Dutch culture.

Though he made a speciality of horses, he painted life on the high road and scenes of rural life with marvellous insight and skill, If his women are not great ladies, they still possess a charm and grace of their own ; and if his fame rests mainly upon his power of painting animals, his best attributes are shown in the social scenes which he portrayed so faithfully.

If further molested, it will bite, but mainly as a last resort ; although the bite is painful due to its powerful jaws, the teeth are blunt and generally do not break the skin.

If something interesting was found, whatever it was then broadcast live on the show with the guests providing their own mainly comic commentary.

If it affects mainly the head, it may be psoriasis.

If the temperature is below 29. 5 degrees Celsius the offspring will be mainly male.

If they are mainly small, weak, superficial, and incoherent, life will appear insipid, uninteresting, petty, and chaotic.