# CBR-Constant bit rate: a Peak Cell Rate ( PCR ) is specified, which is constant.

# VBR-Variable bit rate: an average or Sustainable Cell Rate ( SCR ) is specified, which can peak at a certain level, a PCR, for a maximum interval before being problematic.

GC content and melting temperature must also be taken into account when designing primers for PCR reactions.

In the Romanian general election elections of 1946, the Romanian Communist Party ( PCR ) employed widespread intimidation tactics and electoral fraud to obtain 80 percent of the vote and, thereafter, eliminated the role of the centrist parties and forced mergers, the result of which was that, by 1948, most non-Communist politicians were either executed, in exile or in prison.

* PCR can be used to determine how many copies of a gene are present in a cell.

Attempts to test Darwin's remains at the Westminster Abbey by using modern PCR techniques were met with a refusal by the Abbey's curator.

Nucleic acid amplification tests ( NAAT ), such as polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ), transcription mediated amplification ( TMA ), and the DNA strand displacement amplification ( SDA ) now are the mainstays.

The polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ), a common laboratory technique, employs such artificial synthesis in a cyclic manner to amplify a specific target DNA fragment from a pool of DNA.

DNA Gel electrophoresis is usually performed for analytical purposes, often after amplification of DNA via PCR, but may be used as a preparative technique prior to use of other methods such as mass spectrometry, RFLP, PCR, cloning, DNA sequencing, or Southern blotting for further characterization.

Also known as a genotypic assay, techniques include PCR, DNA fragment analysis, allele specific oligonucleotide ( ASO ) probes, DNA sequencing, and nucleic acid hybridization to DNA microarrays or beads.

In recognition of his improvement of the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) technique, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith and earned the Japan Prize in the same year.

The improvements made by Mullis allowed PCR to become a central technique in biochemistry and molecular biology, described by The New York Times as " highly original and significant, virtually dividing biology into the two epochs of before P. C. R.

Cetus took Mullis off his usual projects to concentrate on PCR full-time.

Mullis succeeded on demonstrating PCR December 16, 1983.

Neither Fred, empty Beck's bottles, nor the sweet smell of the dawn of the age of PCR could replace Jenny.

Other Cetus scientists, including Randall Saiki and Henry Erlich, were placed on PCR projects to work on developing HIV-and other tests utilizing PCR.

Saiki generated the needed data and authored the first paper to include utilization of the technique, while Mullis was still working on a paper that would describe PCR itself.

A concept similar to that of PCR had been described before Mullis ' work.

The suggestion that Mullis was solely responsible for the idea of using Taq polymerase in the PCR process has been contested by his co-workers at the time, who were embittered by his abrupt departure from Cetus.

However, other scientists have written that " the full potential PCR was not realized " until Mullis ' work in 1983, and that Mullis ' colleagues failed to see the potential of the technique when he presented it to them.

After DuPont lost out to Roche on that sale, the company unsuccessfully disputed Mullis's patent on the alleged grounds that PCR had been previously described in 1971.