At about the same time the development of effective polymerase chain reaction techniques allowed the application of cladistic methods to biochemical and molecular genetic traits of organisms as well as to anatomical ones, vastly expanding the amount of data available for phylogenetics.

Alternatively, diagnosis and strain identification can be made using polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ).

Nucleic acid amplification tests ( NAAT ), such as polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ), transcription mediated amplification ( TMA ), and the DNA strand displacement amplification ( SDA ) now are the mainstays.

* Polymerase chain reaction, a technique used in molecular biology to amplify ( make many copies of ) a piece of DNA by in vitro enzymatic replication using a DNA polymerase.

However, with the use of modern culture techniques and polymerase chain reaction testing, HIV can be demonstrated in virtually all patients with AIDS.

This may occur during polymerase chain reaction.

DNA polymerase then synthesizes a new strand of DNA by extending the 3 ' end of an existing nucleotide chain, adding new nucleotides matched to the template strand one at a time via the creation of phosphodiester bonds.

In the adenoviruses and the φ29 family of bacteriophages, the 3 ' OH group is provided by the side chain of an amino acid of the genome attached protein ( the terminal protein ) to which nucleotides are added by the DNA polymerase to form a new strand.

In recognition of his improvement of the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) technique, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith and earned the Japan Prize in the same year.

Mullis worked as a DNA chemist at Cetus for seven years ; it was there, in 1983, that Mullis invented his prize-winning improvements to the polymerase chain reaction.

( e. g., polymerase chain reaction and high-throughput sequencing ), and proteomics.

After transcription has been terminated, the mRNA chain is cleaved through the action of an endonuclease complex associated with RNA polymerase.

The polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) is a biochemical technology in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

One particular polymerase, from the thermophilic bacterium, Thermus aquaticus ( Taq ) ( PDB 1BGX, EC 2. 7. 7. 7 ) is of vital commercial importance due to its use in the polymerase chain reaction, a widely used technique of molecular biology.

Many of the laboratory techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology that involve DNA polymerase, such as DNA sequencing and the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ), require DNA primers.

Reverse transcriptase is commonly used in research to apply the polymerase chain reaction technique to RNA in a technique called reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR ).

The analysis of VNTR alleles continues, but is now usually performed by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) methods.

Around the same time the development of effective polymerase chain reaction techniques made it possible to apply cladistic methods of analysis to biochemical features as well.

Included with the primer and DNA polymerase are the four deoxynucleotide bases ( DNA building blocks ), along with a low concentration of a chain terminating nucleotide ( most commonly a di-deoxynucleotide ).

In genetics, complementary DNA ( cDNA ) is DNA synthesized from a messenger RNA ( mRNA ) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase and the enzyme DNA polymerase.

Typically, to generate the name of an enzyme, the suffix-ase is added to the name of its substrate ( e. g., lactase is the enzyme that cleaves lactose ) or the type of reaction ( e. g., DNA polymerase forms DNA polymers ).

Current techniques for site-specific mutation commonly involve using mutagenic oligonucleotides in a primer extension reaction with DNA polymerase.

This reaction is catalyzed by polyadenylate polymerase.

The suggestion that Mullis was solely responsible for the idea of using Taq polymerase in the PCR process has been contested by his co-workers at the time, who were embittered by his abrupt departure from Cetus.

Almost all PCR applications employ a heat-stable DNA polymerase, such as Taq polymerase, an enzyme originally isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus.

* Advances in genomics, biotechnology, and biodetection, including major contributions to the complete sequencing of the human genome though the Joint Genome Institute and the development of rapid PCR ( polymerase chain reaction ) technology that lies at the heart of today ’ s most advanced DNA detection instruments.

The " gold standard " for determining toxin type is a mouse bioassay, but the genes for types A, B, E, and F can now be readily differentiated using Real-time polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ).

Microsatellites can be amplified for identification by the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) process, using the unique sequences of flanking regions as primers.

With the abundance of PCR technology, primers that flank microsatellite loci are simple and quick to use, but the development of correctly functioning primers is often a tedious and costly process. A number of DNA samples from specimens of Littorina plena amplified using polymerase chain reaction with primers targeting a variable simple sequence repeat ( SSR, a. k. a. microsatellite ) locus.

With the invention of the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) technique, DNA profiling took huge strides forward in both discriminating power and the ability to recover information from very small ( or degraded ) starting samples.

PCR greatly amplifies the amounts of a specific region of DNA, using oligonucleotide primers and a thermostable DNA polymerase.

The fragile X abnormality is now directly determined by analysis of the number of CGG repeats using polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) and methylation status using Southern blot analysis.

* 1983 — Kary Mullis invented " PCR " ( polymerase chain reaction ), an automated method for rapidly copying sequences of DNA.

If there is uncertainty about the diagnosis, a test of saliva or blood may be carried out ; a newer diagnostic confirmation, using real-time nested polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) technology, has also been developed.

There are a number of diagnostic tests for including: HCV antibody enzyme immunoassay or ELISA, recombinant immunoblot assay, and quantitative HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ).

Detection of T. gondii in human blood samples may also be achieved by using the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ).

Infection can be suspected or proven ( by culture, stain, or polymerase chain reaction ( PCR )), or a clinical syndrome pathognomonic for infection.

Specific diagnosis of norovirus is routinely made by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) assays or real-time PCR assays, which give results within a few hours.

This transport includes RNA and ribosomes moving from nucleus to the cytoplasm and proteins ( such as DNA polymerase and lamins ), carbohydrates, signaling molecules and lipids moving into the nucleus.

This DNA polymerase enzymatically assembles a new DNA strand from DNA building-blocks, the nucleotides, by using single-stranded DNA as a template and DNA oligonucleotides ( also called DNA primers ), which are required for initiation of DNA synthesis.

Many eukaryotic promoters, between 10 and 20 % of all genes, contain a TATA box ( sequence TATAAA ), which in turn binds a TATA-binding protein, which assists in the formation of the RNA polymerase transcriptional complex.

One of these includes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ( RNA replicase ), which copies the viral RNA to form a double-stranded replicative form, in turn this directs the formation of new virions.

Transcription factors perform this function alone or with other proteins in a complex, by promoting ( as an activator ), or blocking ( as a repressor ) the recruitment of RNA polymerase ( the enzyme that performs the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA ) to specific genes.

In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe two RNAi complexes, the RNAi-induced transcriptional gene silencing ( RITS ) complex and the RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex ( RDRC ), are part of an RNAi machinery involved in the initiation, propagation and maintenance of heterochromatin assembly.

Because Tay – Sachs disease was one of the first autosomal recessive genetic disorders for which there was an enzyme assay test ( prior to polymerase chain reaction testing methods ), it was intensely studied as a model for all such diseases, and researchers sought evidence of a selective process.

Inappropriate opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore ( MPTP ) manifests in ischemia ( blood flow restriction to tissue ) and reperfusion injury ( damage occurring after ischemia when blood flow returns to tissue ), after myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) and when mutations in mitochondrial DNA polymerase occur.

By binding to the H3K27me2 / 3-tagged nucleosome, PRC1 ( also a complex of PcG family proteins ) catalyzes the mono-ubiquitinylation of histone H2A at lysine 119 ( H2AK119Ub1 ), blocking RNA polymerase II activity and resulting in transcriptional suppression.

The process of transcription is carried out by RNA polymerase ( RNAP ), which uses DNA ( black ) as a template and produces RNA ( blue ).

Methods used in laboratory diagnosis include culturing of nasopharyngeal swabs on Bordet-Gengou medium, polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ), direct immunofluorescence ( DFA ), and serological methods.

Sequencing the DNA directly ( rather than first replicating it with the polymerase chain reaction ), the scientists were able to recover 21 cave bear genes from remains that did not yield significant amounts of DNA with traditional techniques.

Structure of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II ( light blue ) in complex with α-amanitin ( red ), a strong poison found in death cap mushrooms that targets this vital enzyme

* RNA polymerase I synthesizes a pre-rRNA 45S ( 35S in yeast ), which matures into 28S, 18S and 5. 8S rRNAs which will form the major RNA sections of the ribosome.

Reverse transcription PCR is not to be confused with real-time polymerase chain reaction ( Q-PCR / qRT-PCR ), which is also sometimes abbreviated as RT-PCR.