Acid extract conditions are extensively used in the industry but the degree of acid varies with different processes.

In Polistinae and Vespinae, rather than consuming prey directly, prey are masticated and fed to the larvae, and the larvae, in return, produce a clear liquid ( with high amino acid content ) which the adults consume ; the exact amino acid composition varies considerably among species, but it is considered to contribute substantially to adult nutrition.

The rate of translation varies ; it is significantly higher in prokaryotic cells ( up to 17-21 amino acid residues per second ) than in eukaryotic cells ( up to 6-9 amino acid residues per second ).

The chromium bath is a mixture of chromic acid ( CrO < sub > 3 </ sub >) and sulfuric acid ( sulfate, SO < sub > 4 </ sub >); the ratio of which varies greatly between 75: 1 to 250: 1 by weight.

The first is a short signal sequence that targets the hormone for secretion outside the cell ; next is a short region that varies between species ; the third is a 65-amino acid region with similarity to collagenous proteins ; the last is a globular domain.

The fruits have an oxalic acid odor, which varies between plants from strong to mild, the taste also varies from very sour to mildly sweetish.

The prefix " hydro -" is added only if the acid is made up of just hydrogen and one other element.

Proline is the only proteinogenic amino acid whose side-group links to the α-amino group and, thus, is also the only proteinogenic amino acid containing a secondary amine at this position.

Processes involved in acid deposition ( note that only SO < sub > 2 </ sub > and NO < sub > x </ sub > play a significant role in acid rain ).

The problem of acid rain has not only increased with population and industrial growth, but has become more widespread.

For example, at room temperature, only 0. 4 % of all acetic acid molecules are dissociated.

The plant stores the carbon dioxide it takes in as malic acid, retaining it until daylight returns and only then using it in photosynthesis.

* using a dehydrating agent: sulfuric acid not only catalyzes the reaction but sequesters water ( a reaction product ).

They used a cell-free system to translate a poly-uracil RNA sequence ( i. e., UUUUU ...) and discovered that the polypeptide that they had synthesized consisted of only the amino acid phenylalanine.

For example, the most common hemoglobin sequences in humans and chimpanzees are nearly identical, differing by only one amino acid in both the alpha and the beta globin protein chains.

He was the also first person to identify the only substance that can dissolve gold – aqua regis ( royal water ) – a volatile mix of hydrochloric and nitric acid.

However, amino acid content is almost negligible in honey, accounting for only 0. 05 – 0. 1 % of the composition.

For an amino acid with only one amine and one carboxyl group, the pI can be calculated from the mean of the pKas of this molecule.

In recent years, studies have been made of the amino acid composition of the products of " old " areas in " old " genes, defined as those that are found to be common to organisms from several widely separated species, assumed to share only the last universal ancestor ( LUA ) of all extant species.

Nucleic acid types differ in the structure of the sugar in their nucleotides-DNA contains 2 '- deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose ( where the only difference is the presence of a hydroxyl group ).

It first came under question in 1824, when Friedrich Wöhler synthesized oxalic acid, a compound known to occur only in living organisms, from cyanogen.

Glycolysis produces only 2 ATP molecules, but somewhere between 30 and 36 ATPs are produced by the oxidative phosphorylation of the 10 NADH and 2 succinate molecules made by converting one molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, while each cycle of beta oxidation of a fatty acid yields about 14 ATPs.

Under most circumstances, only PrP molecules with an identical amino acid sequence to the infectious PrP < sup > Sc </ sup > are incorporated into the growing fiber.

The term is sometimes used to refer only to protein translation but more often it refers to a multi-step process, beginning with amino acid synthesis and transcription of nuclear DNA into messenger RNA, which is then used as input for translation.

But, based on calculations from its amino acid residues, p53's mass is actually only 43. 7 kDa.

They were able to form protein-like chains from a mixture of 18 common amino acids at only 70 ° C in the presence of phosphoric acid, and dubbed these protein-like chains proteinoids.

Douglass prepared his sample of Af by thermal decomposition of aqueous chromic acid at 300 - 325-degrees-C.

Two metabolites ( 1, and 2 ) ) of p-aminobenzoic acid ( PABA ) which act as cofactors for the hydroxylation of aniline by acid-fast bacteria are biosynthesized from Aj.

Both theories easily describe the first reaction: CH < sub > 3 </ sub > COOH acts as an Arrhenius acid because it acts as a source of H < sub > 3 </ sub > O < sup >+</ sup > when dissolved in water, and it acts as a Brønsted acid by donating a proton to water.

The numerical value of K < sub > a </ sub > is equal to the concentration of the products divided by the concentration of the reactants, where the reactant is the acid ( HA ) and the products are the conjugate base and H < sup >+</ sup >.

The aromatic and irritating fumes emitted by burning amber are mainly due to this acid.

Baltic amber is distinguished by its yield of succinic acid, hence the name succinite.

He validated his theory by converting carbon disulfide, in several steps, to acetic acid ( 1843 – 45 ).

* Nucleic acid thermodynamics, includes the annealing of DNA or RNA pairing by hydrogen bonds to a complementary sequence, forming a double-stranded polynucleotide

Casein based glues are made by precipitating casein from milk protein using the acetic acid from vinegar.

Since 1998, Harvard University wraps some of the valuable statues on its campus, such as this " Harvard Bixi | Chinese stele ", with waterproof covers every winter, in order to protect them from erosion caused by acid rain.

Antacids either directly neutralize acidity, increasing the pH, or reversibly reduce or block the secretion of acid by gastric cells to reduce acidity in the stomach.

Antacids are taken by mouth to relieve heartburn, the major symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease, or acid indigestion.

* from reaction of a triphenylphosphinyl ester with an acid halide, a Wittig reaction accompanied by dehydrohalogenation

Since Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxoacids, such as ( nitric acid ) and ( sulphuric acid ), which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, and since he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids ( HF, HCl, HBr, and HI ), he defined acids in terms of their containing oxygen, which in fact he named from Greek words meaning " acid-former " ( from the Greek οξυς ( oxys ) meaning " acid " or " sharp " and γεινομαι ( geinomai ) meaning " engender ").

According to Liebig, an acid is a hydrogen-containing substance in which the hydrogen could be replaced by a metal.

The Arrhenius definition of acid – base reactions is a development of the hydrogen theory of acids, devised by Svante Arrhenius, which was used to provide a modern definition of acids and bases that followed from his work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution in 1884, and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903 for " recognition of the extraordinary services ... rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation ".

As defined by Arrhenius, acid – base reactions are characterized by Arrhenius acids, which dissociate in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions (), and Arrhenius bases, which form hydroxide () ions.

A common example is nitric acid produced by electric discharge in the atmosphere such as lightning.

Carbonic acid is formed by the reaction

Trees killed by acid rain