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• Criminal Justice & Corrections
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Criminal and Justice
In English law, s58 Children Act 2004, limits the availability of the lawful correction defense to common assault under s39 Criminal Justice Act 1988.
Confusingly, the terms " assault " and " common assault " often encompass the separate offence of battery, even in statutory settings such as s 40 ( 3 )( a ) of the Criminal Justice Act 1988.
Section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 provides that common assault, like battery, is triable only in the magistrates ' court in England and Wales ( unless it is linked to a more serious offence, which is triable in the Crown Court ).
; Assault on a prison custody officer: This offence is created by section 90 ( 1 ) of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 ( c. 53 ).
; Assault on a secure training centre custody officer: This offence is created by section 13 ( 1 ) of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 ( c. 33 ).
The Criminal Justice ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act ( Northern Ireland ) 1968 creates the offences of:
In his 1972 book American Criminal Justice, Jonathan D. Caplan comments on the Supreme Court decision, noting, " The Alford decision recognizes the plea-bargaining system, acknowledging that a man may maintain his innocence but still plead guilty in order to minimize his potential loss.
In England the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 allowed such inferences to be made for the first time in England and Wales ( it was already possible in Scotland under the rule of criminative circumstances ).
The Criminal Justice Act of 1948 restricted imprisonment for juveniles and brought improvements to the probation and remand centres systems, while the passage of the Justices of the Peace Act of 1949 led to extensive reforms of magistrates courts.
Double jeopardy has been permitted in England and Wales in certain ( exceptional ) circumstances since the Criminal Justice Act 2003.
These recommendations were implemented — not uncontroversially at the time — within the Criminal Justice Act 2003, and this provision came into force in April 2005.
In Northern Ireland the Criminal Justice Act 2003, effective 18 April 2005, makes certain " qualifying offence " ( including murder, rape, kidnapping, specified sexual acts with young children, specified drug offences, defined acts of terrorism, as well as in certain cases attempts or conspiracies to commit the foregoing ) subject to retrial after acquittal ( including acquittals obtained before passage of the Act ) if there is a finding by the Court of Appeals that there is " new and compelling evidence.
The Criminal Justice Information Services ( CJIS ) Division, is located in Clarksburg, West Virginia.
However, the vast majority of Federal government publications covering these topics are published by the Office of Justice Programs agencies of the United States Department of Justice, and disseminated through the National Criminal Justice Reference Service.
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