In 1859, there were 23 million serfs ( total population of Russia 67. 1 Million ).

John Dewey (; October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952 ) was an American philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform.

He was the soloist at the premiere of his Piano Concerto No. 1 in 1859.

The line was inaugurated on March 1, 1859, in a ceremony flanked by the Spanish and American flags.

The Sun emitted an extremely powerful flare on its visible hemisphere on 1 September 1859, leading to what is known as the Carrington Event.

* November 1 – Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ( d. 1859 )

The 1850s decade ran from January 1, 1850, to December 31, 1859.

In early 1859, abolitionist U. S. Senator William H. Seward sold Tubman a small piece of land on the outskirts of Auburn, New York for US $ 1, 200.

Albert Günther published his Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum between 1859 and 1870, describing over 6, 800 species and mentioning another 1, 700.

Further finds in 1859 prompted the Pikes Peak Gold Rush lasting until 1867 ; over 1. 25 million troy ounces ( 39 t ) of gold were produced in those eight years.

In 1848, the northwestern part, annexed in 1775 by the Habsburg Empire, Bukovina, had a population of 377, 571 ; in 1856, the eastern half of Moldavia, Bessarabia, annexed in 1812 by the Russian Empire, had a population of 990, 274, while the population of Moldavia proper ( the western half ), in 1859, was 1, 463, 927.

By 1859, their numbers were reduced to about 1, 400 ; however, by 1874 they were back up to 2, 000.

* Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde ( 1859 ) ( Act 3, Scene 1 )

It was created by Michigan Law on April 1, 1840 and was fully organized by an Act of Legislature on January 25, 1859.

* The Georgia General Assembly passed legislation to create Banks County on February 1, 1859, from Franklin and Habersham Counties.

On January 1, 1859, a large meeting was held at the Deer Creek schoolhouse.

By 1859, when the population was 1, 074, other industries included a gristmill and a carriage factory.

In 1859 the town had a population of 1, 853.

By 1859, when the population was 1, 252, Effingham Falls had developed into a small mill town, with a woolen factory, five sawmills, three gristmills, and a carriage factory.

By 1859, when the population was 1, 305, the principal occupation was raising cattle and sheep across the hilly terrain.

By 1859, there were 1, 088.

There were 1, 274 residents by 1859, when water powered industries included three gristmills, thirteen sawmills, thirteen shingle mills, six stave mills, two planing mills, and several clapboard mills.

By 1859, when the population was 1, 273, agriculture was a chief occupation.

By 1859, when the population was 1, 439, industries included one sawmill, one gristmill, one tannery and a carriage shop.

By 1859, when the population was 1, 682, Canaan had one gristmill, three lath and clapboard mills, and one tannery.

* 1859 – The Tuscan National Assembly formally deposes the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.

On Leopold's second flight ( April 27, 1859 ) a Tuscan assembly was summoned, and Capponi elected member of it.

When in 1859 France and Piedmont made war on Austria, Leopold's government failed to prevent numbers of young Tuscan volunteers from joining the Franco-Piedmontese forces.

As Tuscan minister of the interior in 1859 he promoted the union of Tuscany with Piedmont, which took place on March 12, 1860.

The township was soon settled and its Post Office was opened on 1 October 1859 .< ref name = " a ">

He lost to Serafino Dubois (+ 8-21 = 3 ) in 1855, and Gustav Neumann (+ 3-7 = 2 ) in 1864, but he drew with Ignatz von Kolisch ( 5: 5 ) in 1859, and defeated Thomas Wilson Barnes in London (+ 5 − 2 = 0 ) and Paul Journoud in Paris (+ 7 − 2 = 1 ) in 1860, and Johann Löwenthal (+ 2 − 0 = 0 ) in Paris in 1867.

* Stenotrachelidae C. G. Thomson 1859 ( false long-horned beetles ) ( = Cephaloidae )

; Currency: ( 1859 ) 12 pence = 1 shilling ; 20 shillings = 1 pound

; Currency: ( 1859 ) 100 centavos = 8 reales = 1 peso

: ( 1859 ) 1000 milesimos = 100 centesimos = 1 peso

: ( 1859 ) 100 cents = 1 dollar

; Currency: ( 1859 ) 12 pence = 1 shilling ; 20 shillings = 1 pound

* 1859 – Vittorio Sella, Italian photographer ( d. 1943 )

Corsican was long the vernacular language alongside Italian, official language in Corsica until 1859, then it was replaced by French owing to the conquest of the island by France in 1768.

In 1859 the Second Italian War of Independence broke out between the northern Italian kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and Austria.

In reality Bismarck was sidelined from events in Germany, watching impotently as France drove Austria out of Lombardy during the Italian War of 1859.

Bismarck, Roon and Moltke took charge at a time when relations among the Great Powers — Great Britain, France, Austria and Russia — had been shattered by the Crimean War of 1854 – 55 and the Italian War of 1859.

* January 18 – Giovanni Capurro, Italian poet ( b. 1859 )

* Second War of Italian Independence ( 1859 ), also known as Franco-Austrian War, or Austro-Sardinian War.

Also there, on February 21, 1859, together with 151 republicans he signed a manifesto against the alliance between Piedmont and the King of France which resulted in the Second War of Italian Independence and the conquest of Lombardy.

In Italy a state-run school system has existed since 1859, when the Legge Casati ( Casati Act ) mandated educational responsibilities for the forthcoming Italian state ( Italian unification took place in 1861 ).

In 1815, it again passed under Austrian administration until the Second War of Italian Independence ( 1859 ) and the unification of Italy one year later.

Apart from a few years under Napoleon and during the 1848 revolution, the ghetto lasted until Italian unification in 1859.

Pages from an 1859 libretto for Ernani, with the original Italian lyrics, English translation, and musical notation for one of the arias Libretti have been made available in several formats, some more nearly complete than others.

In April – July 1859, Napoleon III made a secret agreement with Cavour, Prime Minister of Piedmont, for France to assist in expelling Austria from the Italian Peninsula and bringing about a united Italy, in exchange for Piedmont ceding Savoy and the Nice region to France.

The Austrian Empire was forced to cede most of its claim to Lombardy – Venetia to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia following the conclusion of the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859, and the Third Italian War of Independence in 1866.

Within the context of Italian unification, the Austro-Prussian war is called Third Independence War, after the First ( 1848 ) and the Second ( 1859 ).

A brief war against Austria in 1859 largely brought an end to the process of Italian unification.

In April – July 1859 Napoleon made a secret deal with Cavour, Prime Minister of Piedmont, for France to assist in expelling Austria from the Italian peninsula and bringing about a united Italy, or at least a united northern Italy, in exchange for Piedmont ceding to France Savoy and the Nice region ( which was destined to become the so-called French Riviera ).

The Soulages collection of Italian and French Renaissance objects was acquired between 1859 and 1865, and includes several cassone.

The last major commission of Barry's was Halifax Town Hall ( 1859 – 62 ), in a North Italian Cinquecento style, and a grand tower with spire, the interior includes a central hall similar to that at Bridgewater House, the building was completed after Barry's death by his son Edward Middleton Barry.

Zita's father had lost his throne as a result of the movement for Italian unification in 1859 when he was still a child.

The Battle of Magenta was fought on June 4, 1859 during the Second Italian War of Independence, resulting in a French-Sardinian victory under Napoleon III against the Austrians under Marshal Ferencz Gyulai.

In the 16th century, most of these were seized by the Papal States, but the territories of Parma, Piacenza, and Modena remained independent until Emilia – Romagna became part of the Italian kingdom between 1859 and 1861.