In an autobiographical piece that Orwell sent to the editors of Twentieth Century Authors in 1940, he wrote: " The writers I care about most and never grow tired of are: Shakespeare, Swift, Fielding, Dickens, Charles Reade, Flaubert and, among modern writers, James Joyce, T. S. Eliot and D. H. Lawrence.

He reported that Gollancz had offered Orwell £ 500 to underwrite the trip, and but for Gollancz's support Orwell would never have gone.

" When it came to marrying, Orwell wrote to Gorer that " I should never be economically justified in marrying, so might as well be unjustified now as later ".

Although in later life Brownell often went by the name Sonia Orwell, this was never legally her name as ' Orwell ' was merely a pen name that her husband ( real name Eric Arthur Blair ) had chosen.

However, Orwell states: " It will never be possible to get a completely accurate and unbiased account of the Barcelona fighting, because the necessary records do not exist.

Orwell never reveals O ' Brien's first name.

George Orwell began his Reflections on Gandhi: " Saints should always be judged guilty until they are proved innocent …" Orwell concluded his essay with an attack on the idea of sainthood but praise for Gandhi: " One may feel, as I do, a sort of aesthetic distaste for Gandhi, one may reject the claims of sainthood made on his behalf ( he never made any such claim himself, by the way ), one may also reject sainthood as an ideal and therefore feel that Gandhi's basic aims were anti-human and reactionary: but regarded simply as a politician, and compared with the other leading political figures of our time, how clean a smell he has managed to leave behind!

The allusion is never explained in Orwell's text, but it is grimly ironic, since Orwell recollects his early boarding school experiences with unvarnished realism.

Astor bought both burial plots when he learned that Orwell had asked to be buried in an English Country Churchyard.

Through extended visits in more remote places such as the Moldavian ASSR ( where he got in touch with his friend Ecaterina Arbore ), Nizhny Novgorod, Baku and Batumi, Istrati learned the full truth of Joseph Stalin's communist dictatorship, out of which experience he wrote his famous book, The Confession of a Loser, the first in the succession of disenchantments expressed by intellectuals such as Arthur Koestler, André Gide and George Orwell.

The Orwell and its source the Gipping together find the sea at Ipswich.

The River Gipping is the source river for the River Orwell in the county of Suffolk in East Anglia, England, which gave its name to the former Gipping Rural District and the village of Gipping.

It was acknowledged by George Orwell as a source for Nineteen Eighty-Four.

The River Gipping ( the source of the River Orwell ), runs at the bottom of the village and was a busy navigable waterway during the 19th century.

Orwell fell seriously ill in March 1929 and shortly afterwards had money stolen from the lodging house.

In a letter to George Woodcock on 28 September 1946, Orwell noted that there were two or three books he was ashamed of and called A Clergyman's Daughter an even worse one than Keep the Aspidistra Flying and said " it was written simply as an exercise and I oughtn't to have published it, but I was desperate for money ".

Orwell uses Squealer to mainly show how Communism / Marxism uses propaganda to get their ideas accepted and implemented by the people.

Orwell also claims that he was accepted as a boarder at St Cyprians – at half of the usual fees – so that he might earn a scholarship that would look good in the school's publicity, and that his training relied heavily on the use of beatings, while the rich boys received preferential treatment and were exempted from corporal punishment.

Since the great flood of these dystopias has appeared only in the last twelve years, it seems fairly reasonable to assume that the chief impetus was the 1949 publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four, an assumption which is supported by the frequent echoes of such details as Room 101, along with education by conditioning from Brave New World, a book to which science-fiction writers may well have returned with new interest after reading the more powerful Orwell dystopia.

Mr. Philip Toynbee affirms at one point that if he shared the anticipations of Orwell in Nineteen Eighty-Four, if he believed Communism was not only evil but `` also irredeemably evil '', then he might `` think it right to do anything rather than to take the risk of a communist world.

Observing events from French Morocco Orwell wrote that they were "— only a by-product of the Russian Trotskyist trials and from the start every kind of lie, including flagrant absurdities, has been circulated in the Communist press.

On anarchism, Orwell wrote in The Road to Wigan Pier: " I worked out an anarchistic theory that all government is evil, that the punishment always does more harm than the crime and the people can be trusted to behave decently if you will only let them alone.

Its position on the estuaries of the Stour and Orwell rivers and its usefulness to mariners as the only safe anchorage between the Thames and Humber led to a long period of maritime significance, both civil and military.

Orwell's Paris street, in the 5th arrondissement of Paris | 5th arrondissement: " tall old-fashioned windows and dark grey leaded roofs ; not far from the École Normale Supérieure — earlier in the twenties, Ernest Hemingway | Hemingway had lived only 500 yards from Orwell's street ; Elliot Paul was then still living in his own ' narrow street ', the Rue de la Huchette, in the same arrondissement down by the river near the Place Saint-Michel ; and once, at the Les Deux Magots | Deux Magots in 1928, Orwell thought he saw James Joyce.

In his essay " In Defence of English Cooking " George Orwell rates Wensleydale has second only to Stilton among British cheese varieties.

Deutscher's name ( with the remark " Sympathiser only ") subsequently appeared on Orwell's list, a list of people ( many writers and journalists ) which George Orwell prepared in March 1949 for the Information Research Department, a propaganda unit set up at the Foreign Office by the Labour government.

The only American review that Orwell himself saw, in the New York Herald Tribune Books, by Margaret Carson Hubbard, was unfavourable: " The ghastly vulgarity of the third-rate characters who endure the heat and talk and nausea of the glorious days of the British Raj, when fifteen lashes settled any native insolence, is such that they kill all interest in their doings.

The poet and novelist Vincent McHugh however, reviewing the novel for the New York Herald Tribune Books in 1936, declared it as having affinities with George Gissing, a writer Orwell greatly admired, and placed the novel in a particular tradition, that of Dickens and Gissing: " Mr Orwell too writes of a world crawling with poverty, a horrible dun flat terrain in which the abuses marked out by those earlier writers have been for the most part only deepened and consolidated.

Besides Bell only Isaiah Berlin, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Albert Camus, George Orwell and Hannah Arendt, had two books so listed.

Most of the other mansions, such as Orwell, have survived only as street names.

He agrees with Alain Besançon that the totalitarian society envisaged by George Orwell in Nineteen Eighty-Four can be only understood in theological terms, as a society founded on a transcendental negation.

When asked about A Hanging, Orwell was unwilling to discuss the subject, and once said that it was " only a story.

" Other contributors, who were generally paid nothing or only a modest fee, included James Baldwin, Daniel Bell, Willy Brandt, David Dallin, Milovan Djilas, Theodore Draper, Max Eastman, Ralph Ellison, Hubert Humphrey, George F. Kennan, Murray Kempton, Hans Morgenthau, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Albert Murray, Ralph de Toledano, Reinhold Niebuhr, George Orwell, Bertrand Russell, Bayard Rustin, and Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr ..

A contemporary of Orwell, the Australian composer Percy Grainger, wrote English with only Germanic words and called it " blue-eyed English ".

Animal Farm is a satirical novel by George Orwell, ostensibly about a group of animals who oust the humans from the farm they live on and endeavour to run it themselves, only to have it corrupted into a brutal tyranny on its own.

" In the piece, Orwell also seeks to illustrate the reflection that children live " in a sort of alien under-water world which we can only penetrate by memory or divination ," and he wonders whether even in more modern times, without " God, Latin, the cane, class distinctions and sexual taboos ," it might still be normal for schoolchildren to " live for years amid irrational terrors and lunatic misunderstandings.

In 1921 Yevgeny Zamyatin wrote his bitter novel We, forecasting the " victory of forces of reason over forces of kindness " in Soviet Russia ; prior to perestroika it was known only in the West and influenced both Orwell and Huxley.

" Andrew Clark of the Financial Times stated that the " only reason we find this slick perversion of Orwell on the Covent Garden stage is because super-rich Maazel bought his way there by stumping up the production costs ," while Rupert Christiansen in the Daily Telegraph dismissed it as " operatic fast food.

When the boat ’ s small engine suddenly sheared off from its mounts and dropped into the sea, Orwell ’ s party resorted to oars and was saved from drowning only when the whirlpool began to recede and the group managed to paddle the distressed craft to a rocky outcrop about a mile distant from the Jura coastline.

Orwell is one of only a handful of writers to have an asteroid named after him.

David Janssen ( March 27, 1931 – February 13, 1980 ) was an American film and television actor who is best known for his starring role as Dr. Richard Kimble in the television series The Fugitive ( 1963 – 1967 ), the starring role in the 1950s hit detective series Richard Diamond, Private Detective ( 1957 – 60 ), and as Harry Orwell on Harry O.

For his political writings on doublespeak and hypocrisy, Noam Chomsky received the Orwell Award ( which ' recognizes writers who have made outstanding contributions to the critical analysis of public discourse ') in 1987 and 1989.

" Down and Out in Paris and London was published on 9 January 1933, as Orwell continued to work on Burmese Days.

The relationship was sometimes awkward and Orwell and Heppenstall even came to blows, though they remained friends and later worked together on BBC broadcasts.

Orwell was now working on Keep the Aspidistra Flying, and also tried unsuccessfully to write a serial for the News Chronicle.

On 31 January 1936, Orwell set out by public transport and on foot, reaching Manchester via Coventry, Stafford, the Potteries and Macclesfield.

Orwell needed somewhere he could concentrate on writing his book, and once again help was provided by Aunt Nellie, who was living at Wallington, Hertfordshire in a very small sixteenth-century cottage called the " Stores ".

Orwell took over the tenancy and moved in on 2 April 1936.

Orwell married Eileen O ' Shaughnessy on 9 June 1936.

At the end of the year, concerned by Francisco Franco's Falangist uprising, ( supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy ), Orwell decided to go to Spain to take part in the Spanish Civil War on the Republican side.

Orwell set out for Spain on about 23 December 1936, dining with Henry Miller in Paris on the way.

The subsequent campaign of lies and distortion carried out by the Communist press, in which the POUM was accused of collaborating with the fascists, had a dramatic effect on Orwell.

Unable to speak, and with blood pouring from his mouth, Orwell was carried on a stretcher to Siétamo, loaded on an ambulance and after a bumpy journey via Barbastro arrived at the hospital at Lleida.

In the first week of July 1937 Orwell arrived back at Wallington ; on 13 July 1937 a deposition was presented to the Tribunal for Espionage & High Treason, Valencia, charging the Orwells with ' rabid Trotskyism ', and being agents of the POUM.

At the same time, the communist Daily Worker was running an attack on The Road to Wigan Pier, misquoting Orwell as saying " the working classes smell "; a letter to Gollancz from Orwell threatening libel action brought a stop to this.

They rented a villa on the road to Casablanca and during that time Orwell wrote Coming Up for Air.

Orwell spent time in Wallington and Southwold working on a Dickens essay and it was in July 1939 that Orwell's father, Richard Blair, died.

In August 1941, Orwell finally obtained " war work " when he was taken on full-time by the BBC's Eastern Service.

At the BBC, Orwell introduced Voice, a literary programme for his Indian broadcasts, and by now was leading an active social life with literary friends, particularly on the political left.

Orwell was on staff until early 1945, writing over 80 book reviews as well as the regular column " As I Please ".

David Astor was instrumental in arranging a place for Orwell on Jura.