With Nineteen Eighty-Four, Orwell taps into the anti-communist fears that would continue to haunt so many in the West for decades to come.

George Orwell wrote in 1944 that " the word ' Fascism ' is almost entirely meaningless ... almost any English person would accept ' bully ' as a synonym for ' Fascist '".

Gollancz feared the second half would offend readers and added a disculpatory preface to the book while Orwell was in Spain.

Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels " ( 1946 ) Orwell wrote: " If I had to make a list of six books which were to be preserved when all others were destroyed, I would certainly put Gulliver's Travels among them.

" According to historian Piers Brendon, " Orwell was the saint of common decency who would in earlier days, said his BBC boss Rushbrook Williams, ' have been either canonised – or burnt at the stake '".

Mulk Raj Anand has said that, at the BBC, Orwell could, and would, quote lengthy passages from the Book of Common Prayer.

In their 1972 study, The Unknown Orwell, the writers Peter Stansky and William Abrahams note that at Eton Blair displayed a " sceptical attitude " to Christian belief, and that: " Shaw's preface to his recently published Androcles and the Lion in which an account of the gospels is set forth, very different in tone from what one would be likely to hear from an Anglican clergyman " was " much more to Blair's own taste.

Orwell suggested that cheap newspapers were no more than a vehicle for advertising and anti-leftist propaganda, and predicted the world might soon see free newspapers which would drive legitimate dailies out of business.

" During the war, Orwell was highly critical of the popular idea that an Anglo-Soviet alliance would be the basis of a post-war world of peace and prosperity.

In Britain, the democratic socialist tradition was represented in particular by the William Morris ' Socialist League, and in the 1880s by the Fabian Society, and later the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) founded by Keir Hardie in the 1890s, of which George Orwell would later be a prominent member.

It seems unlikely that Orwell would have approved of many of the uses to which his pseudonym is applied.

This was the plain, decent, bread-and-sunlit world that Orwell recalled so nostalgically the further it retreated from him ; eventually he would write Wellsian of this kind, in Coming Up For Air.

Orwell states plainly that he himself is in favour of socialism ; but feels it necessary to point out reasons why many people who would benefit from socialism, and should logically support it, are in practice likely to be strong opponents.

He reported that Gollancz had offered Orwell £ 500 to underwrite the trip, and but for Gollancz's support Orwell would never have gone.

Orwell set out on the journey on the last day of January 1936, having given up his job at Booklovers ' Corner and his flat in Kentish Town ;-he would not live in London again until 1940.

However Gollancz feared the second half would offend Left Book Club readers and inserted a mollifying preface to the book while Orwell was in Spain.

He points out that most people who argue against socialism do not do so because of straightforward selfish motives, or because they do not believe that the system would work, but for more complex emotional reasons, which ( according to Orwell ) most socialists misunderstand.

Orwell ’ s publisher, Victor Gollancz, was so concerned that these passages would be misinterpreted, and that the ( mostly middle class ) members of the Left Book Club would be offended, that he added a foreword in which he raises some caveats about Orwell's claims in Part Two.

The writer Eric Blair chose the pen name under which he would later become famous, " George Orwell ", because of his love for the river.

" An elephant was considered a valuable asset to any timber firm-and Orwell would have been severely reprimanded for such unnecessary slaughter.

The writer George Orwell served with the party and witnessed the Stalinist repression of the movement, which would form his anti-totalitarian ideas in later life.

* What Orwell feared were those who would ban books.

Since the great flood of these dystopias has appeared only in the last twelve years, it seems fairly reasonable to assume that the chief impetus was the 1949 publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four, an assumption which is supported by the frequent echoes of such details as Room 101, along with education by conditioning from Brave New World, a book to which science-fiction writers may well have returned with new interest after reading the more powerful Orwell dystopia.

For his political writings on doublespeak and hypocrisy, Noam Chomsky received the Orwell Award ( which ' recognizes writers who have made outstanding contributions to the critical analysis of public discourse ') in 1987 and 1989.

" They won't have me in the army, at any rate at present, because of my lungs ", Orwell told Geoffrey Gorer.

Throughout his life Orwell continually supported himself as a book reviewer, writing works so long and sophisticated they have had an influence on literary criticism.

Andrew N. Rubin argues, " Orwell claimed that we should be attentive to how the use of language has limited our capacity for critical thought just as we should be equally concerned with the ways in which dominant modes of thinking have reshaped the very language that we use.

Orwell may have been the first to use the term cold war, in his essay, " You and the Atom Bomb ", published in Tribune, 19 October 1945.

Orwell was to have an affair with his secretary at Tribune which caused Eileen much distress, and others have been mooted.

Moreover, Orwell expressed some scepticism about religion: " It seems rather mean to go to HC Communion when one doesn't believe, but I have passed myself off for pious & there is nothing for it but to keep up with the deception.

" Orwell stated in " Why I Write " ( 1946 ): " Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it.

In 1942, commenting on journalist E. H. Carr's pro-Soviet views, Orwell stated: " all the appeasers, e. g. Professor E. H. Carr, have switched their allegiance from Hitler to Stalin.

On 1 September 1944, about the Warsaw Uprising, Orwell expressed in Tribune his hostility against the influence of the alliance with the USSR over the allies: " Do remember that dishonesty and cowardice always have to be paid for.

The dossier, published by The National Archives, mentions that according to one investigator, Orwell had " advanced Communist views and several of his Indian friends say that they have often seen him at Communist meetings.

Orwell considered these people to have pro-communist leanings and therefore to be inappropriate to write for the IRD.

Many significant figures from the arts and literary worlds have lived on the square, including George Orwell, Evelyn Waugh and Samuel Phelps.

Orwell did not choose the images and their inclusion may not have been his idea.

Amongst many other types of people Orwell specifies people who have beards or wear sandals, vegetarians, and nudists as contributing to socialism's negative reputation among many more conventional people.

While members with a training in scientific socialism have been surprised at the naïveté of the second part, they have found it valuable, as showing how much education they still have to do .." Orwell biographers Stansky & Abrahams noted: " But Gollancz and Laski, believing in a scientific rather than an emotional socialism, believing ( in 1937 ) that it was still possible to equip people to fight against war and Fascism, were caught in a time warp: history was leaving them behind.

Orwell considered the listed people to have pro-communist leanings and therefore to be inappropriate to write for the IRD.

Orwell and O ' Shaughnessy met at a party that Eric ( Orwell ) and Rosalind Obermeyer, gave in the spring of 1935 in Obermeyer's flat in Parliament Hill Road-" when the last guests had departed, he turned to Mrs Obermeyer and said: " Eileen O ' Shaughnessy is the girl I want to marry.

O ' Shaughnessy met Orwell in the spring of 1935.

Although the poem was written a year before she met Orwell, there are striking similarities between the futuristic vision of O ' Shaughnessy's poem and that of Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, including the use of mind control, and the eradication of personal freedom by a police state.

" The writers Stansky and Abrahams, while noting that the character Flory probably had his roots in Captain Robinson, a cashiered ex-officer whom Orwell had met in Mandalay, ' with his opium-smoking and native women ', affirmed that Flory's " deepest roots are traceable to fiction, from Joseph Conrad's Lord Jim through all those Englishmen gone to seed in the East which are one of Maugham's better-known specialities.

Orwell first met her when she worked as an assistant for Cyril Connolly, a friend of his from Eton College, at the literary magazine Horizon.

As chair of the ILP Guild of Youth, he visited Barcelona in 1937, where he again met Orwell.