Since current can be the flow of either positive or negative charges, or both, a convention for the direction of current which is independent of the type of charge carriers is needed.

By convention, the charge carried by electrons is deemed negative, and that by protons positive, a custom that originated with the work of Benjamin Franklin.

By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part.

It is the established convention of the scientific community to define the vitreous electrification as positive, and the resinous electrification as negative.

Confusingly, the convention of negative for East is also sometimes seen.

where is the distance associated with the image and is considered by convention to be negative if on the same side of the lens as the object and positive if on the opposite side of the lens.

where the negative sign is given, by convention, to indicate an upright object for positive values and an inverted object for negative values.

Since the kinetic energy is never negative, if the common convention is adopted of taking the potential energy as zero at infinite separation, the bound orbits have negative total energy, parabolic trajectories have zero total energy, and hyperbolic orbits have positive total energy.

and such that the degree of r is smaller than the degree of g ( using the convention that the polynomial 0 has a negative degree ).

The convention is to assign negative coefficients to reactants ( which are consumed ) and positive ones to products.

However to help to determine an interval in years across the BC / AD boundary, it is more convenient to use a slightly different convention that includes a year zero and to represent earlier years as negative numbers.

However, return loss has historically been expressed as a negative number, and this convention is still widely found in the literature.

Also, the surface has to be actually oriented, i. e. we use a convention as to flowing which way is counted positive ; flowing backward is then counted negative.

There is a convention among engineers, climatologists, and others to reserve “ negative binomial ” in a strict sense or “ Pascal ” for the case of an integer-valued stopping-time parameter r, and use “ Polya ” for the real-valued case.

At a given frequency, the imaginary part of leads to absorption loss if it is positive ( in the above sign convention ) and gain if it is negative.

By convention, outward force is defined as positive, and inward force is defined as negative.

Also credited with the convention of using " negative " and " positive " to denote an electrical charge or potential.

If the potential energy is set to zero at infinite distance from the atomic nucleus or molecule, the usual convention, then bound electron states have negative potential energy.

Volta ordered the metals in a ' tension series ', “ that is to say in an order such that any one in the list becomes positive when in contact with any one that succeeds, but negative by contact with any one that precedes it .” A typical symbolic convention in a schematic of this circuit ( –< big >|</ big >– ) would have a long electrode 1 and a short electrode 2, to indicate that electrode 1 dominates.

) By convention, a positive evaluation favors White, and a negative evaluation favors Black.

Drafting continued on the convention, but there remained significant differences between UN members on the relative importance of negative Civil and Political versus positive Economic, Social and Cultural rights.

The usual convention is that this corresponds to a negative binding energy.

The Hankel functions are used to express outward-and inward-propagating cylindrical wave solutions of the cylindrical wave equation, respectively ( or vice versa, depending on the sign convention for the frequency ).

The exactly opposite properties of the two kinds of electrification justify our indicating them by opposite signs, but the application of the positive sign to one rather than to the other kind must be considered as a matter of arbitrary convention, just as it is a matter of convention in mathematical diagram to reckon positive distances towards the right hand.

These take several different forms, depending on the choice of formalism and sign convention used.

Passed a white granite entrance with signs announcing a convention of electronic engineers, and turned in hoping to find coffee, and a demo of hi-fi advances, and found a deserted desk, with signs announcing that one must sign in with name, industry and invitation number.

The transcription of the syllable ( it may not have been pronounced that way ) is listed next to the sign along with Bennett's identifying number for the sign preceded by an asterisk ( as was Ventris ' and Chadwick's convention ).

On 8 July 2005 Canada became the only non European state to sign the convention.

The moment direction may be accounted for by using a stated sign convention, such as a plus sign (+) for counterclockwise moments and a minus sign (-) for clockwise moments, or vice versa.

The iconicity and symbolism of a sign depends on the cultural convention and are on that ground in relation with each other.

If the cultural convention has greater influence on the sign, the signs get more symbolic value.

It is common to take a different sign convention for this equation than one typically does when defining fundamental solutions.

Note that, with the opposite sign convention ( used in Physics ), this is the potential generated by a point particle, for an inverse-square law force, arising in the solution of Poisson equation.

Note that, with the opposite sign convention, this is the potential generated by a pointlike sink ( see point particle ), which is the solution of the Euler equations in two-dimensional incompressible flow.

It is important to realize that the choice of sign for time-dependence, exp (- iωt ), dictates the sign convention for the imaginary part of permittivity.

Countries that sign the convention are required to adopt national laws, and remove old ones, so that persons with disabilities will, for example, have equal rights to education, employment, and cultural life ; to the right to own and inherit property ; to not be discriminated against in marriage, etc.

k < sub >–</ sub > – k < sub >+</ sub >, and it follows the sign convention of natural optical activity.

An alternative commenting convention affects an entire source code file, known as a " literate script ", in which every line is considered a comment unless it starts with a sign.

The amount a particular material or compound is affected by ambient moisture may be considered its coefficient of hygroscopic expansion ( CHE ) ( also referred to as CME, coefficient of moisture expansion ) or coefficient of hygroscopic contraction ( CHC )— the difference between the two terms being a difference in sign convention and a difference in point of view as to whether the difference in moisture leads to contraction or expansion.

as above is defined to be the smallest rational such that the coefficient of the term with exponent is non-zero ( with the usual convention that the valuation of 0 is +∞).

It must be granted that the flouting of convention, no matter how well intentioned one may be, is sure to lead to trouble, or at least to the discomfort that goes with social disapproval.

At the recent horse show convention in New York it was stated that this Intermediate Judging Class is meeting with great success and will be a great help to future judges in the horse world.

Oh-the-pain-of-it, that convention of Russian ballet whereby the girls convey the idea that they are all the daughters of impoverished Grand Dukes driven to the stage out of filial piety, is totally absent from the Kirov.

By convention in some law reports, the appellant is named first.

The and convention for amino acid configuration refers not to the optical activity of the amino acid itself, but rather to the optical activity of the isomer of glyceraldehyde from which that amino acid can, in theory, be synthesized (- glyceraldehyde is dextrorotary ;-glyceraldehyde is levorotatory ).

This convention is not meant to imply that the nuclei necessarily occur in neutral atoms.

Another convention is to distinguish particles by their electric charge.

The Mayan Palace course was designed by Pedro Guericia and an economical course called the Club de Golf Acapulco is near the convention center.

In such cases a common convention is to use the " elsewhere condition " to decide which allophone will stand for the phoneme.

However, legislating for alterations to the Act is a complex process, since the act is a common denominator in the shared succession of all the Commonwealth realms and the Statute of Westminster 1931 acknowledges by established convention that any changes to the rules of succession may be made only with the agreement of all of the states involved, with concurrent amendments to be made by each state's parliament or parliaments.

The Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft (" Tokyo Convention ") is a multilateral convention, done at Tokyo between 20 August and 14 September 1963, coming into force on 4 December 1963, and is applicable to offenses against penal law and to any acts jeopardizing the safety of persons or property on board civilian aircraft while in-flight and engaged in international air navigation.

The convention, for the first time in the history of international aviation law, recognizes certain powers and immunities of the aircraft commander who on international flights may restrain any person ( s ) he has reasonable cause to believe is committing or is about to commit an offense liable to interfere with the safety of persons or property on board or who is jeopardizing good order and discipline.

It may be applied, as it is stated in article 1 of the convention in case of: offenses against penal law ; acts which, whether or not they are offenses, may or do jeopardize the safety of the aircraft or of persons or property therein or which jeopardize good order and discipline on board.

A general rule agreed upon the Tokyo Convention is that the general penalty jurisdiction towards the offenders committing the crimes included in this convention is performed by the country where the aircraft is registered.

In a situation, when he has justification to assume, that a given person committed or is attempting to commit an act regulated by the convention, he can apply towards that person “ reasonable measures ” including restraint, under a condition that they do not break the rules enumerated in Article 6, paragraph 1 of the Tokyo Convention.

# Lack of obligation towards the signing countries of extradition of the offender committing an act against convention to the country where the aircraft is registered in order to judge one.

For aircraft with joint registration, one country is designated as the registration state for the purpose of the convention.

This can be mitigated somewhat by insistence on using CNAME records indicating service rather than actual machine names to refer to the service, but there is no way of guaranteeing that users will follow such a convention.