In matters of marriage and divorce, the State of Israel relies on its Chief Rabbinate to determine who is Jewish ; the Chief Rabbinate, following Orthodox practice, does not recognize the validity of conversions performed by Conservative rabbis and will require a Jew who was converted by a Conservative rabbi to undergo a second, Orthodox conversion to be regarded as a Jew for marriage and other purposes.

Spitz argues that the punishment of the Mamzer has been effectively inoperative for nearly two thousand years due to deliberate rabbinic inaction ( with a few rule-proving counterexamples, including the 18th century Orthodox rabbi Ismael ha-Kohen of Modena, who decreed that a child should have the word " mamzer " tattoed to his forehead ).

This role requires ordination by the congregation's preferred authority ( i. e. from a respected Orthodox rabbi or, if the congregation is Conservative or Reform, from academic seminaries ).

But Rabbi Benjamin Hecht writes that one Orthodox rabbi views homosexuality as a deliberate rebellion against God.

He was an ordained Orthodox rabbi and later served as a member of the Israeli Knesset.

Kaplan began his career as an Orthodox rabbi at Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun, a synagogue in New York.

Kaplan began his career as an Orthodox rabbi at Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun in New York City, was a founder in 1912 of the Young Israel movement of Modern Orthodox Judaism, and was the first rabbi hired by the new ( Orthodox ) Jewish Center in Manhattan when it was founded in 1918.

He was the subject of a number of polemical articles published by Rabbi Leo Jung ( who became the rabbi of the Jewish Center in 1922 ) in the Orthodox Jewish press.

The recent case of Rabbi Mordecai Tendler, the first rabbi to be expelled from the Rabbinical Council of America following allegations of sexual harassment, illustrated the importance of clarification of Orthodox halakha in this area.

* March 23 – Moshe Feinstein, Orthodox rabbi ( b. 1895 )

" However, some Orthodox leaders, such as the Rabbinical Council of America, opposed this move and said it was not in keeping with Orthodoxy ; in any case, Hurwitz was not given the title " rabbi.

Note: A rebbetzin ( a Yiddish usage common among Ashkenazim ) or a rabbanit ( in Hebrew and used among Sephardim ) is the official " title " used for, or by, the wife of any Orthodox, Haredi, or Hasidic rabbi.

" No Orthodox rabbinical association ( e. g. Agudath Yisrael, Rabbinical Council of America ) has allowed women to be ordained using the term rabbi.

Sara Hurwitz, considered by some the first Orthodox woman rabbi, following correct Hebrew feminized grammar of rav ( רב ), used the title rabba ( רבה ).

Rabbi Aryeh Strikovski ( Machanaim Yeshiva and Pardes Institute ) worked in the 1990s with Rabbi Avraham Shapira ( then a co-Chief rabbi of Israel ) to initiate the program for training Orthodox women as halakhic Toanot (" advocates ") in rabbinic courts.

Rahel Berkovits, an Orthodox Talmud teacher at Jerusalem's Pardes Institute of Jewish Studies, states that as a result of such changes in Haredi and Modern Orthodox Judaism, " Orthodox women found and oversee prayer communities, argue cases in rabbinic courts, advise on halachic issues, and dominate in social work activities that are all very associated with the role a rabbi performs, even though these women do not have the official title of rabbi.

Since the time of the historian Edward Gibbon, the split between the Church of Rome and the Orthodox Church has been conveniently dated to 1054, though the reality is more complex.

* Elie Melia ( 1915 – 1988 ), a Georgian Orthodox priest and church historian

Theofan Stilian Noli, better known as Fan Noli ( January 6, 1882 – March 13, 1965 ) was an Albanian-American writer, scholar, diplomat, politician, historian, orator, and founder of the Albanian Orthodox Church, who served as prime minister and regent of Albania in 1924 during the June Revolution.

Orthodox historian, Bishop Arseny ( Bryantsev ), challenged the authenticity of the correspondence and, incidentally, points to the 50 letters of Cyril of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and Moscow Patriarch Filaret, stored in a Moscow archive of the main Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the evidence of Cyril's commitment to Orthodoxy, as well as in his 1622 letter in which he speaks of Protestantism as a blasphemous doctrine.

A Brooklyn native, he is a prominent Modern Orthodox theologian, historian, and philosopher.

According to American historian Barbara Jelavich, the movement " at first supported no set ideology, but instead emphasized the moral regeneration of the individual ", while expressing a commitment to the Romanian Orthodox Church.

As a productive theologian and church historian, he was conferred an Honorary Doctorate of Theology from St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in New York ( 1986 ), the Academy of Sciences in Crete ( 1997 ) and the St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania ( 1998 ).

Orthodox in dispositon, McIntyre has been described by Harvard historian Lisa McGirr as " the most extreme right-wing member of the American Catholic hierarchy " during his time.

Severus ibn al-Muqaffaʿ ( in Arabic ساويرس بن المقفع ) or Severus of El Ashmunein ( in Arabic ساويرس الأشمونين ) ( died 987 ) was a Coptic Orthodox Bishop, author and historian.

A book by the British historian and journalist Meir Persoff, Another Way, Another Time, has argued that " Sacks ’ s top priority has been staying in the good graces of the Haredi, or strictly Orthodox, faction, whose high birthrate has made it the fastest-growing component of British Jewry.

Lebanese historian Kamal Salibi gives a somewhat contrasting interpretation, pointing to the position of the Greek Orthodox community as a large minority in both Syria and Lebanon for whom " the concept of pan-Syrianism was more meaningful than the concept of Arabism " while at the same time they resented Maronite dominance in Lebanon.

According to historian Philip Hitte, Beshawate was the first permanent priest in the United States from the Near East from among the Melkite, Maronite, and Antiochian Orthodox Churches.

The Orthodox Christian historian Bar Hebraeus wrote that the violence committed against the Jews during that period " neither tongue can utter, nor the pen write down ".

John Meyendorff, an historian of this period of Church history, held that the official teaching of the Eastern Orthodox Church is not expressed by Chalcedon alone, but by " Chalcedon plus Cyril " – i. e., the dyophysite position expressed by Chalcedon, plus Cyril's miaphysite expression quoted above in its Orthodox interpretation – with the former attempting to express the inexpressible from one side ( the dyophysite site ) and the latter doing the same from the miaphysite side, both approaches being necessary and neither sufficient by itself.

In 1933 Lithuanian historian, Ignas Jonynas, published a study in which he attempted to debunk the Bychowiec Chronicle and demonstrate that Anna was not an Orthodox duchess from Slavic lands, but a daughter of local Lithuanian noble.

It appears that an Orthodox girl in the community disrupted plans for an outing sponsored by one of the Jewish service groups because she would not travel on Saturday and, in addition, required kosher food.

The disputed books, included in one canon but not in others, are often called the Biblical apocrypha, a term that is sometimes used specifically ( and possibly pejoratively in English ) to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Text ( also called the Tanakh or Miqra ) and most modern Protestant Bibles.

Rather, it is sometimes employed by unaffiliated groups to indicate a range of beliefs and practices more liberal than is affirmed by the Orthodox, and more traditional than the more liberal Jewish denominations ( Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism ).

The Seminary's brief affiliation with the traditional congregations that established the Union of Orthodox Congregations in 1898 was severed due to the Orthodox rejection of the Seminary's academic approach to Jewish learning.

Working with this 1990s trend of diversity and institutional growth, Conservative Judaism remained the largest denomination in America, with 43 percent of Jewish households affiliated with a synagogue belonging to Conservative synagogues ( compared to 35 percent for Reform and 16 percent for Orthodox ).

They believe that the Orthodox Jewish movements, on the theological right, have erred by slowing down, or stopping, the historical development of Jewish law: " Conservative Judaism believes that scholarly study of Jewish texts indicates that Judaism has constantly been evolving to meet the needs of the Jewish people in varying circumstances, and that a central halakhic authority can continue the halakhic evolution today.

For instance, if two men and a woman were to eat a meal together, a Conservative Jew would believe that the presence of three adult Jews would obligate the group to say a communal form of the Grace After Meals, while an Orthodox Jew would believe that, lacking three adult Jewish males, the group would not be able to do such.

Orthodox Jewish leaders vary considerably in their dealings with the Conservative movement and with individual Conservative Jews.

From the Orthodox perspective, Conservative Jews are considered just as Jewish as Orthodox Jews, but they are viewed as misguided, consistent violators of halakha.

** Amicus Brief on the Merits ( American Jewish Congress, American Jewish Committee, Anti-Defamation League, and Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America )

The three largest Jewish denominations — Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism — maintain the belief that the Jews have been chosen by God for a purpose.

According to Orthodox Jews too there are variations in Jewish custom from one part of the world to another.

Some Christian denominations ( such as Anglican, Roman Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox ), include a number of books that are not in the Hebrew Bible ( the biblical apocrypha or deuterocanonical books or Anagignoskomena, see Development of the Old Testament canon ) in their biblical canon that are not in today's Jewish canon, although they were included in the Septuagint.

** Optionally: abbreviation of soldiers ' religion ( KAT for Roman Catholics, GR-KAT for Greek Catholics, PRAW for Orthodox, MOJ for Jewish, AUG for Lutherans, ANG for Anglicans and MAH for Muslims )

Gerald Lawrence Schroeder is an Orthodox Jewish physicist, author, lecturer and teacher at College of Jewish Studies Aish HaTorah's Discovery Seminar, Essentials and Fellowships programs and Executive Learning Center, who focuses on what he perceives to be an inherent relationship between science and spirituality.