Albedo (), or reflection coefficient, derived from Latin albedo " whiteness " ( or reflected sunlight ), in turn from albus " white ", is the diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface.

The earliest certain ancestor of " A " is aleph ( also called ' aleph ), the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet ( which, by consisting entirely of consonants, is an abjad rather than a true alphabet ).

Together with Plato and Socrates ( Plato's teacher ), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy.

Reference to them is made according to the organization of Immanuel Bekker's Royal Prussian Academy edition ( Aristotelis Opera edidit Academia Regia Borussica, Berlin, 1831 – 1870 ), which in turn is based on ancient classifications of these works.

An American in Paris is scored for 3 flutes ( 3rd doubling on piccolo ), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets in B flat, bass clarinet in B flat, 2 bassoons, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in B flat, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, snare drum, bass drum, triangle, wood block, cymbals, low and high tom-toms, xylophone, glockenspiel, celesta, 4 taxi horns resembling the pitches A, B, C and D, alto saxophone / soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone / soprano saxophone / alto saxophone, baritone saxophone / soprano saxophone / alto saxophone, and strings.

It is also the oldest award ceremony in the media ; its equivalents, the Grammy Awards ( for music ), Emmy Awards ( for television ), and Tony Awards ( for theatre ) are modeled after the Academy.

Although there are seven other types of annual awards presented by the Academy ( the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, the Gordon E. Sawyer Award, the Scientific and Engineering Award, the Technical Achievement Award, the John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation, and the Student Academy Award ) plus two awards that are not presented annually ( the Special Achievement Award in the form of an Oscar statuette and the Honorary Award that may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette ), the best known one is the Academy Award of Merit more popularly known as the Oscar statuette.

It is the basis for Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ), which is used for civil timekeeping all over the Earth's surface, and for Terrestrial Time, which is used for astronomical calculations.

The latter is not to be confused with TA ( NPL ), which denotes an independent atomic time scale, not synchronised to TAI or to anything else.

This time scale is expressed in the form of tables of differences UTC-UTC ( k ) ( equivalent to TAI-TAI ( k )) for each participating institution k. ( The same circular also gives tables of TAI-TA ( k ), for the various unsynchronised atomic time scales.

Altruism is a motivation to provide something of value to a party who must be anyone but oneself, while duty focuses on a moral obligation towards a specific individual ( e. g., a god, a king ), or collective ( e. g., a government ).

Next were films such as The Winds of the Aures ( 1965 ) of Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina, Patrol To The East ( 1972 ) of Amar Laskri, Prohibited Area of Ahmed Lallem, ( 1972 ), The Opium and the stick of Ahmed Rachedi, or The Battle of Algiers ( 1966 ) which is an Algerian-Italian film selected three times at the Oscars.

The term " anthropology " is from the Greek anthrōpos (), " man ", understood to mean humankind or humanity, and-logia (- λογία ), " discourse " or " study.

Because anthropology developed from so many different enterprises ( see History of Anthropology ), including but not limited to fossil-hunting, exploring, documentary film-making, paleontology, primatology, antiquity dealings and curatorship, philology, etymology, genetics, regional analysis, ethnology, history, philosophy, and religious studies, it is difficult to characterize the entire field in a brief article, although attempts to write histories of the entire field have been made.

The single largest organization of Anthropologists is the American Anthropological Association ( AAA ), which was founded in 1903.

He was worshipped as Acraephius ( ; Ἀκραιφιος, Akraiphios, literally " Acraephian ") or Acraephiaeus ( ; Ἀκραιφιαίος, Akraiphiaios, literally " Acraephian ") in the Boeotian town of Acraephia ( Ἀκραιφία ), reputedly founded by his son Acraepheus ; and as Smintheus ( ; Σμινθεύς, Smintheus, " Sminthian "— that is, " of the town of Sminthos or Sminthe ") near the Troad town of Hamaxitus.

The function of Apollo as a " healer " is connected with Paean ( Παιών-Παιήων ), the physician of the Gods in the Iliad, who seems to come from a more primitive religion.

The connection with Dorians and their initiation festival apellai is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars, but it can explain only the Doric type of the name, which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word " pella " ( Pella ), stone.

A female dragon named Delphyne ( δελφύς: womb ), who is obviously connected with Delphi and Apollo Delphinios, and a male serpent Typhon ( τύφειν: smoke ), the adversary of Zeus in the Titanomachy, who the narrators confused with Python.

Abraham Lincoln was born February 12, 1809, the second child of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Lincoln ( née Hanks ), in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm in Hardin County, Kentucky ( now LaRue County ).

These two defunct phyla were the Myxomycota ( i. e., plasmodial slime molds, now classified in the taxon Myxogastria ), and Acrasiomycota ( i. e. cellular slime molds, now divided into the taxa Acrasida and Dictyosteliida ).

The Aethiopian Sea, Ethiopic Ocean or Ethiopian Ocean ( Okeanos Aithiopos ), is an old name for what is now called the South Atlantic Ocean, which is separated from the North Atlantic Ocean by a narrow region between Natal, Brazil and Monrovia, Liberia.

While Crittenden was away in Richmond, Zollicoffer moved his forces to the north bank of the upper Cumberland River near Mill Springs ( now Nancy, Kentucky ), putting the river to his back and his forces into a trap.

The ampere was originally defined as one tenth of the CGS system electromagnetic unit of current ( now known as the abampere ), the amount of current that generates a force of two dynes per centimetre of length between two wires one centimetre apart.

The name was first used in the English language in 1768 by R. Edwin in a colorful description of a large snake found in Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ), most likely a reticulated python, Python reticulatus.

Formerly an advocate of Altaic ( 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001 ), now a critic of it.

His parents were working-class Rusyn emigrants from Mikó ( now called Miková ), located in today ’ s northeastern Slovakia, part of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire.

* 1639 – Madras ( now Chennai ), India, is founded by the British East India Company on a sliver of land bought from local Nayak rulers.

In December 1988, the second largest city in the republic, Leninakan ( now Gyumri ), was heavily damaged by a massive quake that killed more than 25, 000 people.

NASA's planned Space Interferometry Mission ( SIM PlanetQuest ) ( now cancelled ) was to utilize astrometric techniques to detect terrestrial planets orbiting 200 or so of the nearest solar-type stars, and the European Space Agency's GAIA ( due to launch in 2012 ), which will be applying astrometric techniques in its stellar census.

* 1986 – A nuclear reactor accident occurs at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Soviet Union ( now Ukraine ), creating the world's worst nuclear disaster.

However, there are certain limitations: they may not administer the sacraments and related functions whose celebration is reserved to bishops, priests, deacons, or seminarians ( the male clergy ), namely, Holy Orders ( they may make provision for an ordained cleric to help train and to admit some of their members, if needed, as altar servers, Eucharistic ministers, or lectors-the minor ministries which are now open to the non-ordained ).

When talking about those who have made " shipwreck " of their faith ( 1 Tim 1: 19 ), Wesley claims that " not one, or a hundred only, but I am persuaded, several thousands ... innumerable are the instances ... of those who had fallen but now stand upright.

Also, as we now know, bosons also have antiparticles, but since bosons do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle ( only fermions do ), hole theory does not work for them.

Title IV also led to creation, in all 50 States and the District of Columbia, of what were then called dual-party relay services and now are known as Telecommunications Relay Services ( TRS ), such as STS Relay.

ROM 807, the holotype of A. arctunguis ( now referred to A. sarcophagus ), had a 2. 5 by 3. 5 cm deep hole in the iliac blade, although the describer of the species did not recognize this as pathological.

gray amber ), became used for ambergris, while ambre jaune ( yellow amber ), denoted the fossil resin we now call amber.

It now turns due north, and soon becomes itself a tributary of the Rhine, which it surpasses in volume when the two rivers unite at Koblenz ( Switzerland ), opposite Waldshut, Germany.

under secction 7 ( 1 )( a ), but that section has been superseded by section 66 ( 1 ) of the Police ( Northern Ireland ) Act 1998 ( c. 32 ) which now provides that it is an offence for a person to, amongst other things, assault a constable in the execution of his duty, or a person assisting a constable in the execution of his duty.

He built the monastic church of St Peter at Gloucester ( now Gloucester Cathedral, though nothing of his fabric remains ), then part of his diocese of Worcester.

Friends of the young Alexios II now tried to form a party against the empress mother and the prōtosebastos ; Alexios II's half-sister Maria, wife of Caesar John ( Renier of Montferrat ), stirred up riots in the streets of the capital.

* 1813 – At the final stage of the Peninsular War, British-Portuguese troops capture the town of Donostia ( now San Sebastián ), resulting in a rampage and eventual destruction of the town.