* 1518 – Conrad Lycosthenes, French-German humanist and encyclopedist ( d. 1561 )

* 1561 – An 18-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots, returns to Scotland after spending 13 years in France.

* 1561 – Philippe van Lansberge, Dutch astronomer ( d. 1632 )

* Alexandru Lăpuşneanu, Voivode of Moldavia ( 1552 – 1561 and 1564 – 1568 )

* 1561 – Willem of Orange marries duchess Anna of Saxony.

* Principality and Duchy of Anhalt-Köthen: 1396 – 1561 and 1603 – 1847

* Principality and Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau 1396 – 1561 and 1603 – 1863

* 1656 – Thomas Fincke, Danish mathematician and physicist ( b. 1561 )

* Yoel Sirkis ( 1561 – 1640 ), Polish posek and halakhist, known as " the Bach "

Similarly, the influences of philosophers such as Sir Francis Bacon ( 1561 – 1626 ) and René Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ), who demanded more rigor in mathematics and in removing bias from scientific observations, led to a scientific revolution.

* 1561 – Sir Edwin Sandys, English colonial settler ( d. 1629 )

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St. Alban, Kt., KC ( 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626 ) was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, and author.

During the next decade, Palestrina held positions similar to his Julian Chapel appointment at other chapels and churches in Rome, notably St John Lateran, ( 1555 – 1560 – a post previously held by Lassus ) and Sta Maria Maggiore ( 1561 – 1566 ).

* 1561 – Menno Simons, Dutch Mennonite leader ( b. 1496 )

* 1561 – Menas, Emperor of Ethiopia, defeats a revolt in Emfraz.

* 1561 – Luis de Góngora, Spanish poet ( d. 1627 )

* 1561 – Maria of the Palatinate-Simmern ( d. 1589 )

* 1561 – Sir Francis Bacon, English philosopher ( d. 1626 )

Hazi Khan, had escaped to Gujrat after Raja Hemu's defeat at Second Battle of Panipat and was credited with killing Bairam Khan, the cruel commander of Akbar, at Patan, Gujrat where he was staying after removal from job by Akbar and before going to Haz on 16th Jan., 1561.

Bairam Khan also Bayram Khan () ( died 1561 ) was an important military commander, general of the Mughal army, a powerful statesman and regent at the court of the Mughal emperors Humayun and Akbar.

Bairam Khan is assassinated by an Afghan at Patan, 1561, Akbarnama

Bairam Khan died on 31 January 1561.

( Contribution of Bairam Khan, 1524 ?- 1561, Mogul nobleman, to the Mogul Empire.

( On the life and achievements of Bairam Khan, 1524 ?- 1561, ruler in the Mogul Empire and Khan Khanan Abdur Rahim Khan, 1556 – 1627, Braj poet.

Hazi Khan had escaped to Gujarat after King Hemu's defeat in Second Battle of Panipat and was credited with killing Bairam Khan the barbaric General of Mughal King Akbar at Patan, Gujarat where he was staying after removal from the job by Akbar and before going for hajj on 16 January 1561.

In contrast to Swedish Estonia, which had submitted to Swedish rule voluntarily in 1561 and where traditional local laws remained largely untouched, the uniformity policy was applied in Swedish Livonia under Karl XI of Sweden: serfdom was abolished, peasants were offered education as well as military, administrative or ecclesiastical careers, and nobles had to transfer domains to the king in the Great Reduction.

The Swedish Empire conquered Northern Estonia during the Livonian War, in 1561, and held it until the Great Northern War, when Tallinn was conquered by Russia in 1710.

The Duchy of Estonia (, ), also known as Swedish Estonia, ( Swedish: Svenska Estland ) was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1561 until 1721, when it was ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad, following its capitulation, during the plague, in the Great Northern War.

Knighted 1577, Of Counsel, King's Lynn 1560, Of Counsel, Great Yarmouth from 11 February 1562-3, < sup > DNB </ sup > Recorder from 1561, Bencher Middle Temple 1565, Autumn Reader 1565, Lent Reader 1571, Justice of the Peace of the Quorum, Norfolk from 1564, Speaker 8 May 1572, Commissioner of Grain 1576, Musters by 1576, 22 January 1577-Serjeant-at-Law, 24 January 1577-Chief Baron of the Exchequer.

Akbarnama — written by August 12, 1602 — depicts the defeat of Baz Bahadur of Malwa by the Mughal Empire | Mughal troops, 1561.

* Francis Bacon of England ( 1561 – 1626 ), philosopher, jurist, scientist, writer, and politician ; specifically Member of Parliament, Attorney General for England and Wales ( 1613 – 1617 ), and Lord Chancellor ( 1617 – 1621 )

Catherine de ' Medici, regent for her son Charles IX, named him lieutenant general of the kingdom in 1561.

In another move, which would destroy Hispaniola's sugar industry, in 1561 Havana, more strategically located in relation to the Gulf Stream, was selected as the designated stopping point for the merchant flotas, which had a royal monopoly on commerce with the Americas.

* The Ducal Palace, built from 1561 for Duke Ottavio Farnese on a design by Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola.

The Jesuit brother Agostino Salumbrino ( 1561 – 1642 ), an apothecary by training who lived in Lima, observed the Quechua using the bark of the cinchona tree for that purpose.

In return for large amounts of gold, the Shah allowed a Turkish executioner to strangle Bayezid and his four sons in 1561, clearing the path for Selim's succession to the throne seven years later.

In 1561 Luis de León, a Spanish lyric poet and an Augustinian friar, translated the Song of Songs into Spanish for his cousin, Isabel Osorio, a nun who could not read the Latin text, and wrote an accompanying commentary.

* The Book of the Courtier ( 1561 ), English translation by Thomas Hoby as edited by Walter Raleigh for David Nutt, Publisher, London, 1900.

In 1561, Martial de Loménie, secretary of state for finances under King Charles IX, became lord of Versailles.

Sweden had first gained a foothold on a territory outside her traditional provinces in 1561, when Estonia opted for vassalage to Sweden during the Livonian War.

In 1561, grateful for favours he had done them, the Inner Temple admitted Dudley as their most privileged member, their " Lord and Governor ".

He visited France again in the spring of 1561, and by 5 July was back in Paris for the third time — this time accompanied by the Bishop of Orkney and the Earl of Eglinton.

On 25 August 1561, William of Orange married for the second time.

In 1561, the Edict of Orléans declared an end to the persecution, and the Edict of Saint-Germain of January 1562 formally recognized the Huguenots for the first time.

Thomas Fincke ( 6 January 1561 – 24 April 1656 ) was a Danish mathematician and physicist, and a professor at the University of Copenhagen for more than 60 years.

The Jesuit Brother Agostino Salumbrino ( 1561 – 1642 ), an apothecary by training and who lived in Lima, observed the Quechua using the quinine-containing bark of the cinchona tree for that purpose.

This council of clergy was formed in 1561, during the Estates-General of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, when the national council of prelates accepted the crown's request for Huguenots to be given a hearing.

" The ninetein Day of August 1561 Yeirs, betwene seven and eicht Hours Befoirnone, arryved Marie Quene of Scotland, then Wedo, with two Gallies furth of France ... Becaus the Palace of Halyrudehous was not throuchly put in Ordour ( for hir cumming was more suddane then many luiked for ), sche remained in Leyth, till towards the Evening, and then repaired thither ".

This process continued for three centuries, with formal procedures set out in 1561 to issue letters patent to any new industry, allowing monopolies.

* At Arboga in 1561, the term riksdag was used for the first time.

After 1550, it was not printed again until 1813 except for Owen Rogers ' 1561 edition — a cheap knock-off of Crowley's text that omits the preface naming the author while adding — in some cases — Pierce the Ploughman's Crede.

Gerard Legh is normally given the credit for having suggested the Pegasus as a coat of arms, having given an account of Robert Dudley playing the part of Prince Pallaphilos, a patron of the Honorable Order of Pegasus in the 1561 Christmas revels.

The estates of Orléans in 1560, followed by those of Pontoise in 1561, and those of Blois in 1576 and 1588 were most remarkable for the wisdom, courage and efforts of the deputies, but on the whole were lacking in effect.