* 1581 – Vincent de Paul, French saint ( d. 1660 )

Albert Frederick was married in 1573 to Marie Eleonore of Cleves, a daughter of Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg and Archduchess Maria of Austria ( 1531 – 1581 ).

* Jean du Vergier de Hauranne, ( 1581 – 1643 ), theologian, who introduced Jansenism into France.

From his research grew his Disputationes de controversiis christianae fidei ( also called Disputationes ), first published at Ingolstadt in 1581 – 1593.

However, this statement for integers can be found already in the work of another French mathematician, Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac ( 1581 – 1638 ).

Christopher Báthory ( Hungarian: Báthory Kristóf ) ( 1530 – May 27, 1581 ) was a prince of Transylvania.

* 1581 – Edmund Campion, English Jesuit ( b. 1540 )

* 1581 – Ralph Sherwin, English Catholic saint ( b. 1550 )

* 1581 – Alexander Briant, English Jesuit and martyr ( b. 1556 )

A 1581 reprint of the Digestorum from Justinian I | Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis ( 527 – 534 ).

* 1626 – Edmund Gunter, English mathematician ( b. 1581 )

1520 – 1591 ), father of Galileo and the inventor of monody, made use of the method in successfully solving musical problems, firstly, of tuning such as the relationship of pitch to string tension and mass in stringed instruments, and to volume of air in wind instruments ; and secondly to composition, by his various suggestions to composers in his Dialogo della musica antica e moderna ( Florence, 1581 ).

These are sometimes referred to as burgher arms, and it is thought that most arms of this type were adopted while the Netherlands was a republic ( 1581 – 1806 ).

* 1581 – Plakkaat van Verlatinghe ( Act of Abjuration ): the northern Low Countries declare their independence from the Spanish king, Philip II.

* 1540 – Edmund Campion, English Jesuit ( d. 1581 )

* 1581 – The English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism.

* 1516 – Bayinnaung, King of Burma ( d. 1581 )

# Anna Maria ( 3 February 1567 – 4 November 1618 ), married in 1581 to Duke Barnim X of Pomerania

# Christian ( 1581 – 1655 )

* 1581 – Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Dutch historian and writer ( d. 1647 )

* 1581 – Ivan Ivanovich, son of Ivan IV of Russia ( b. 1554 )

Muscat was taken by the Portuguese on 1 April 1515, and was held until 26 January 1650, although the Ottomans controlled Muscat between 1550 – 1551 and 1581 – 1588.

* 1581 – Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac, French mathematician ( d. 1638 )

Also, the painting Saint Cecilia with an Angel ( 1618 ) by Domenichino ( 1581 – 1641 ) shows what may be a seven-string viol.

* January 1 – Saint Louis Bertrand, Spanish missionary to Latin-America, patron saint of Colombia ( d. 1581 )

Saint Peter Claver, S. J., () ( 26 June 1581 – 8 September 1654 ) was a Spanish Jesuit priest and missionary born in Verdu ( Catalonia ) who, due to his life and work, became the patron saint of slaves, the Republic of Colombia and ministry to African Americans.

Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft ( 16 March 1581 – 21 May 1647 )-Knight in the Order of Saint Michael-was a Dutch historian, poet and playwright from the period known as the Dutch Golden Age.

Lord Howard married secondly, before 1536, Margaret ( d. 1581 ), the third daughter of Sir Thomas Gamage of Coity, Glamorganshire and Margaret, the daughter of Sir John Saint John of Bletsoe, Bedfordshire, by whom he had four sons: Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, Sir William Howard of Lingfield, Edward and Henry, and five daughters, Douglas ( wife firstly of John Sheffield, 2nd Baron Sheffield of Butterwick, Lincolnshire, secondly, of Sir Edward Stafford of Grafton ), Mary ( wife of Edward Sutton, 4th Baron Dudley, and Richard Mompesson ), Frances ( wife of Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford ), Martha ( wife of Sir George Bourchier ), and Katherine.

Many of the town's ancient buildings were destroyed in the serious fires that took place in 1581 and 1659. Notable buildings that survived the fire include the Church of Saint Nicholas ' and the nearby Bishop Bonner's cottage.

* Saint Edmund Campion ( 1540 – 1581 ), English Jesuit priest and martyr

* Domenichino ( 1581 – 1641 ) Saint Mary Magdalene c. 1625

But in 1581, then Grand Master Jean de la Cassière called Herrenmeister Martin von Hohenstein before the Chapter ( ruling council ) of the Order of Saint John in Malta ; when the Herrenmeister did not appear, De la Cassière declared the expulsion of the knights of the Bailiwick from the Order, though he did so without the agreement of the Chapter.

* Saint Ananias of Novgorod the Iconographer ( 1581 )

* April 24: This is regarded as the Mexico Day, following the date of the establishment of the town and parish in April 24, 1581 ( Also the Feast of the Conversion of Saint Augustine ).

* St. Louis Bertrand ( d. 1581 )

* 1630 – 1646: Count Louis Günther I ( 1581 – 1646 )

However, not only Protestant composers were killed during the era of conflict ; in 1581, Catholic Antoine de Bertrand, a prolific composer of chansons, was murdered in Toulouse by a Protestant mob.

Another famous abjuration was brought about by the Plakkaat van Verlatinghe of July 26, 1581, the formal Declaration of Independence of the Low Countries from the Spanish king, Philip II.

** Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Spanish historian ( d. 1581 )

Their possessions can be renamed into the Burgundian Netherlands and the succeeding Habsburg Netherlands, also called the United Seventeen Provinces ( up to 1581 ), and later for the Southern parts as the Spanish Netherlands and Austrian Netherlands, whereas the northern parts formed the autonomous Dutch Republic.

After the northern Seven United Provinces of the seventeen declared their independence from Habsburg Spain, the provinces of the Southern Netherlands were recaptured ( 1581 ) and are sometimes called the Spanish Netherlands.

When the northern Netherlands revolted against King Philip II of Spain in the Dutch Revolt, the three northern quarters of Gelderland joined the Union of Utrecht and became part of the United Provinces upon the 1581 Act of Abjuration, while only the Upper Quarter remained a part of the Spanish Netherlands.

Dunkirk with Flanders was incorporated it into the Habsburg Netherlands and upon the 1581 secession of the Seven United Netherlands, remained part of the Southern Netherlands, which were held by Habsburg Spain ( Spanish Netherlands ) as Imperial fiefs.

* Bartolomé de Medina, Spanish Catholic theologian ( died 1581 )

During the 16th century, Tournai was a bulwark of Calvinism, but eventually it was conquered by the Spanish governor of the Low Countries, the Duke of Parma, following a prolonged siege in 1581.

Peter Paul Rubens, The Three Graces, ( 1636-1638 ). The southern provinces of the Low Countries remained under Spanish rule after the separation of the northern provinces ( modern-day Holland ) in 1581.

Due to historical circumstances and the hostility ( at times open war ) between the House of Orange and the Spanish Crown following their split in 1581, few Dutch works arrived in Spain in the 17th century, as might be expected.

Lisbon soon fell, and Philip was elected King of Portugal at the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar in 1581, on condition that the kingdom and its overseas territories would not become Spanish provinces.

About 1581, Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa, Spanish governor and captain-general of the Philippine Islands, established a settlement in Guimaras for the purpose of the Christianization of the natives of the island.

In 1581, Captain Juan Pablo Carreon came to Cagayan with one hundred fully equipped soldiers with their families by order of Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñaloza, the fourth Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines, to explore the Cagayan Valley and to force the conversion of the natives to Catholicism as well as to establish ecclesiastical missions and towns throughout the valley.

It was later claimed that he was poisoned on the orders of King Philip, especially by William the Silent in his Apology, a 1581 propaganda work against the Spanish king.

Although the northern seven provinces, led by Holland and Zeeland, established their independence as the United Provinces after 1581, the southern Netherlands were reconquered by the Spanish general Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.

When part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule and became the United Provinces in 1581 the remainder of the area became known as the Spanish Netherlands and was still under the control of Spain.

After the Spanish conquest of Mexico, the story of Aztlán gained importance and was reported by Fray Diego Durán in 1581 and others to be a kind of Eden-like paradise, free of disease and death, which existed somewhere in the far north.

This view was advanced by the Spanish theologian Bartolomé de Medina ( 1527 – 1581 ) and defended by many Jesuits such as Luis Molina ( 1528 – 1581 ).

Upon his return to England on 4 April 1581, Francis Drake was knighted by the French Ambassador on behalf of Queen Elizabeth I for his deeds against the Spanish during the circumnavigational voyage.