* 1577 – Christian IV of Denmark and Norway ( d. 1648 )

* 1648 – Johann Michael Bach, German composer ( d. 1694 )

Mainly Galileo Galilei ( 1564 – 1642 ) but also Marin Mersenne ( 1588 – 1648 ), independently, discovered the complete laws of vibrating strings ( completing what Pythagoras and Pythagoreans had started 2000 years earlier ).

* 1721 – Grinling Gibbons, English sculptor and woodcarver ( b. 1648 )

Ahmed III ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثالث Aḥmed-i < u > s </ u > āli < u > s </ u >) < span dir =" ltr ">( December 30 / 31, 1673 – July 1, 1736 )</ span > was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV ( 1648 – 87 ).

* 1648 – Jeremiah Shepard, American minister ( d. 1720 )

* 1648 – John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet ( d. 1721 )

* Benedict van Haeften ( 1588 – 1648 )

* The Duchy of Brabant, a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire between 1183 – 1648 covering parts of the Netherlands and Belgium, ruled over by the Dukes of Brabant

He led an uprising against the Commonwealth and its magnates ( 1648 – 1654 ) which resulted in the creation of a Cossack state.

This provoked the Second Civil War ( 1648 – 49 ) and a second defeat for Charles, who was subsequently captured, tried, convicted, and executed for high treason.

* 1648 – Colonel Pride of the New Model Army purges the Long Parliament of MPs sympathetic to King Charles I of England, in order for the King's trial to go ahead ; came to be known as " Pride's Purge ".

Lord Herbert of Cherbury ( 1583 – 1648 ) is generally considered the " father of English Deism ," and his book De Veritate ( 1624 ) the first major statement of deism.

* Limburg of the States ( 1648 – 1794 ), territories controlled by the Dutch States-General, see Generality Lands

The first ( 1642 – 46 ) and second ( 1648 – 49 ) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war ( 1649 – 51 ) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament.

* 1597 – Vincent Voiture, French poet ( d. 1648 )

* 1648 – Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England ( d. 1730 )

– 2 February 1648 ) was an English writer, known as " The Puritan " and a politician who sat in the House of Commons in two periods between 1640 and 1648.

The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ), which was ruinous to the twenty million civilians.

* Holt, Mack P. Renaissance and Reformation France: 1500 – 1648 ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search

He was re-elected MP for Tamworth in 1645 for the Long Parliament and held the seat until his death in 1648.

In the chaos following the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, General George Monck allowed the members barred in 1648 to retake their seats so that they could pass the necessary legislation to allow the Restoration and dissolve the Long Parliament.

" Eventually King Charles the I's terms of reforming the government as proposed by the Long Parliament were accepted by the House at a vote of 129 to 83 on 1 December 1648 allowing for the King's restoration and the end of the stalemate between Parliament and the King.

Monck and his army marched into the City of London and forced the Rump Parliament to re-admit members of the Long Parliament excluded in December 1648 during Pride's Purge.

The Presbyterian members, excluded in Pride's Purge of 1648, were recalled, and on 24 December the army restored the Long Parliament.

Pride ’ s Purge was an event that took place in December 1648, during the Second English Civil War, when troops under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the Long Parliament all those who were not supporters of the Grandees in the New Model Army and the Independents.

The Rump Parliament is the name of the English Parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on 6 December 1648 of those members hostile to the Grandees ' intention to try King Charles I for high treason.

In September 1648, at the end of the Second English Civil War, the Long Parliament was concerned with the increasing radicalism in the New Model Army.

In November 1648 Prynne was elected Member of Parliament for Newport in Cornwall for the Long Parliament.

In 1645 he was elected to the Long Parliament as Member of Parliament for Cardiff where he opposed compromising with the King, Charles I, and in 1648 opposed the purge of moderates which formed the Rump Parliament.

Completed in 1647, it was presented to the Long Parliament on 14 April 1648.

In 1648, the moderate members of the English Long Parliament were purged by the army.

The first ( 1642 – 1646 ) and second ( 1648 – 1649 ) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war ( 1649 – 1651 ) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament.

The castle was taken by Parliamentarian troops in 1644 during the Civil War, and largely destroyed in 1648 not as the result of warfare, but because of an order from Parliament to dismantle all Royalist castles.

In 1648, Parliament determined that it was not to abjure the King's person.

Divisions emerged between various factions, culminating in Pride's Purge on 7 December 1648, when, under the orders of Oliver Cromwell's son-in-law Henry Ireton, Colonel Pride physically barred and arrested 41 of the members of Parliament.

After this initial show of deference to the Rump, Monck quickly found them unwilling to continue in cooperation with his plan for an election of a new parliament ( the Rump Parliament believed Monck was accountable to them and had its own plan for free elections ); so on 21 February 1660 he forcibly reinstated the members ' secluded ' by Prid's purge in 1648, so that they could prepare legislation for the Convention Parliament.

" Hitherto Monk had continued to make solemn protestations of his affection and fidelity to the Commonwealth interest, against a King and House of Lords ; but the new militia being settled, and a Convention, calling themselves a Parliament and fit for his purpose, being met at Westminster, he sent to such lords as had sat with the Parliament till 1648, to return to the place where they used to sit, which they did, upon assurance from him, that no others should be permitted to sit with them ; which promise he also broke, and let in not only such as had deserted to Oxford, but the late created lords.

* Parliament accepts the King's terms 1 December 1648

* Pride's Purge ( Start of the Rump Parliament ) 7 December 1648

The Levellers ' largest petition, entitled " To The Right Honourable The Commons Of England ", was presented to Parliament on September 11, 1648 after amassing signatories including about a third of all Londoners.

The second was An Agreement of the People of England, and the places therewith incorporated, for a secure and present peace, upon grounds of common right, freedom and safety, was presented to Parliament on 11 September 1648 after amassing signatories including about a third of all Londoners.

After the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Irish Catholics, organised in Confederate Ireland, still recognised Charles I, and later Charles II, as legitimate monarchs, in opposition to the claims of the English Parliament, and signed a formal treaty with Charles I in 1648.

In 1648 the Levant Company petitioned Parliament for the prohibition of imports of Turkish goods "... from Holland and other places but directly from the places of their growth.

Despite forming part of a local royalist rebellion in 1648 the castle escaped slighting and was garrisoned by Parliament, but fell into ruin around 1660, eventually forming part of a local stately home and park in the 19th century.