* 1577 – Christian IV of Denmark and Norway ( d. 1648 )

* 1648 – Johann Michael Bach, German composer ( d. 1694 )

Mainly Galileo Galilei ( 1564 – 1642 ) but also Marin Mersenne ( 1588 – 1648 ), independently, discovered the complete laws of vibrating strings ( completing what Pythagoras and Pythagoreans had started 2000 years earlier ).

* 1721 – Grinling Gibbons, English sculptor and woodcarver ( b. 1648 )

Ahmed III ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثالث Aḥmed-i < u > s </ u > āli < u > s </ u >) < span dir =" ltr ">( December 30 / 31, 1673 – July 1, 1736 )</ span > was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV ( 1648 – 87 ).

* 1648 – John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet ( d. 1721 )

* Benedict van Haeften ( 1588 – 1648 )

* The Duchy of Brabant, a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire between 1183 – 1648 covering parts of the Netherlands and Belgium, ruled over by the Dukes of Brabant

He led an uprising against the Commonwealth and its magnates ( 1648 – 1654 ) which resulted in the creation of a Cossack state.

This provoked the Second Civil War ( 1648 – 49 ) and a second defeat for Charles, who was subsequently captured, tried, convicted, and executed for high treason.

* 1648 – Colonel Pride of the New Model Army purges the Long Parliament of MPs sympathetic to King Charles I of England, in order for the King's trial to go ahead ; came to be known as " Pride's Purge ".

Lord Herbert of Cherbury ( 1583 – 1648 ) is generally considered the " father of English Deism ," and his book De Veritate ( 1624 ) the first major statement of deism.

* Limburg of the States ( 1648 – 1794 ), territories controlled by the Dutch States-General, see Generality Lands

The first ( 1642 – 46 ) and second ( 1648 – 49 ) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war ( 1649 – 51 ) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament.

* 1597 – Vincent Voiture, French poet ( d. 1648 )

* 1648 – Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England ( d. 1730 )

– 2 February 1648 ) was an English writer, known as " The Puritan " and a politician who sat in the House of Commons in two periods between 1640 and 1648.

The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ), which was ruinous to the twenty million civilians.

* Holt, Mack P. Renaissance and Reformation France: 1500 – 1648 ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search

In 1648 Margaret Brent, an English immigrant to the Colony of Maryland, was the first woman in the English North American colonies to appear before a court of the Common Law.

In 1648 a royal British charter recognized the island as a wholly contained colony, independent of both New York and Connecticut ; a status it was to keep until after the American Revolution, when it came under New York State and East Hampton authority.

That polity continued to deeply influence the polity and organization of the American Unitarian Association, and, in turn, that of the Unitarian Universalist Association -- an organization that, while radically different theologically than the signers of the 1648 document, nonetheless shares a great deal of the same polity.

In 1648, he and his wife Marie Charron, received 40, 000 crowns from an unknown source ; and in 1649 Colbert became the councillor of state ( Political minister ).

On 18 January 1648 George Masterson, minister of Shoreditch informed against Wildman and Lieutenant-Colonel John Lilburne for promoting a seditious petition.

The Salon's original focus was the display of the work of recent graduates of the École des Beaux-Arts, which was created by Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France, in 1648.

Henry IV's son Louis XIII and his minister ( 1624 – 1642 ) Cardinal Richelieu, elaborated a policy against Spain and the German emperor during the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ) which had broken out among the lands of Germany's Holy Roman Empire.

After the death of both king and cardinal, the Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ) secured universal acceptance of Germany's political and religious fragmentation, but the Regency of Anne of Austria and her minister Cardinal Mazarin experienced a civil uprising known as the Fronde ( 1648 – 1653 ) which expanded into a Franco-Spanish War ( 1653 – 1659 ).

Jenkyn was aided by John Vicars, usher in Christ Church Hospital, who published ( 1648 ) an amusing description of ' Coleman-street-conclave ' and its minister, ' this most huge Garagantua ,' the ' schismatics cheater in chief.

Towards 1648 he was invited to France by Cardinal Mazarin, and for about two years was employed in buildings for that minister and for Louis XIV, and in fresco-painting in the Louvre.

Nathaniel Ward, a Puritan clergyman and author, was made minister of the Shenfield church in 1648 and held that office until his death in 1652.

Henry IV's son Louis XIII and his minister ( 1624 – 1642 ) Cardinal Richelieu, elaborated a policy against Spain and the German emperor during the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ) which had broken out in Germany.

After the death of both king and cardinal, the Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ) secured universal acceptance of Germany's political and religious fragmentation, but the Regency of Anne of Austria and her minister Cardinal Mazarin experienced a civil uprising known as the Fronde ( 1648 – 1653 ) which expanded into a Franco-Spanish War ( 1653 – 1659 ).

Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury ( d. 1648 ) is generally considered the " father of English deism ", and his book De Veritate ( On Truth, as It Is Distinguished from Revelation, the Probable, the Possible, and the False ) ( 1624 ) the first major statement of deism.

* 1648 – Arp Schnitger, German organ builder ( d. 1719 )

* 1588 – Marin Mersenne, French mathematician ( d. 1648 )

Debate continued over the generations ; Delmedigo's arguments were echoed by Leon of Modena ( d. 1648 ) in his Ari Nohem, and a work devoted to the criticism of the Zohar, Miṭpaḥat Sefarim, was written by Jacob Emden ( d. 1776 ), who, waging war against the remaining adherents of the Sabbatai Zevi movement ( in which Zevi, a false messiah and Jewish apostate, cited Messianic prophecies from the Zohar as proof of his legitimacy ), endeavored to show that the book on which Zevi based his doctrines was a forgery.

* February 24 – Vincent Voiture, French poet ( d. 1648 )

** John Bainbridge, English astronomer ( d. 1648 )

* June 9 – King Wladislaus IV of Poland ( d. 1648 )

** Edward Chichester, 1st Viscount Chichester ( d. 1648 )

** Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl, Mexican historian ( d. 1648 )

** Peter Oliver, English miniaturist ( d. 1648 )

** Richard Martin fitz Oliver, Irish politician ( d. 1648 )

** Dominik Aleksander Kazanowski, Polish nobleman ( d. 1648 )

* November 5 – Ibrahim I, Ottoman Sultan ( d. 1648 )

* September 8 – Marin Mersenne, French theologian ( d. 1648 )

** Isaac de Caus, French landscaper ( d. 1648 )

* March 29 – Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English parliamentary general ( d. 1648 )

* March 3 – Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher ( d. 1648 )

* July 31 – Catharina Belgica of Nassau, regent of Hanau-Münzenberg ( d. 1648 )