* 1577 – Christian IV of Denmark and Norway ( d. 1648 )

Mainly Galileo Galilei ( 1564 – 1642 ) but also Marin Mersenne ( 1588 – 1648 ), independently, discovered the complete laws of vibrating strings ( completing what Pythagoras and Pythagoreans had started 2000 years earlier ).

* 1721 – Grinling Gibbons, English sculptor and woodcarver ( b. 1648 )

Ahmed III ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثالث Aḥmed-i < u > s </ u > āli < u > s </ u >) < span dir =" ltr ">( December 30 / 31, 1673 – July 1, 1736 )</ span > was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV ( 1648 – 87 ).

* 1648 – Jeremiah Shepard, American minister ( d. 1720 )

* 1648 – John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet ( d. 1721 )

* Benedict van Haeften ( 1588 – 1648 )

* The Duchy of Brabant, a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire between 1183 – 1648 covering parts of the Netherlands and Belgium, ruled over by the Dukes of Brabant

He led an uprising against the Commonwealth and its magnates ( 1648 – 1654 ) which resulted in the creation of a Cossack state.

This provoked the Second Civil War ( 1648 – 49 ) and a second defeat for Charles, who was subsequently captured, tried, convicted, and executed for high treason.

* 1648 – Colonel Pride of the New Model Army purges the Long Parliament of MPs sympathetic to King Charles I of England, in order for the King's trial to go ahead ; came to be known as " Pride's Purge ".

Lord Herbert of Cherbury ( 1583 – 1648 ) is generally considered the " father of English Deism ," and his book De Veritate ( 1624 ) the first major statement of deism.

* Limburg of the States ( 1648 – 1794 ), territories controlled by the Dutch States-General, see Generality Lands

The first ( 1642 – 46 ) and second ( 1648 – 49 ) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war ( 1649 – 51 ) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament.

* 1597 – Vincent Voiture, French poet ( d. 1648 )

* 1648 – Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England ( d. 1730 )

– 2 February 1648 ) was an English writer, known as " The Puritan " and a politician who sat in the House of Commons in two periods between 1640 and 1648.

The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ), which was ruinous to the twenty million civilians.

* Holt, Mack P. Renaissance and Reformation France: 1500 – 1648 ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search

**** Johann Michael Bach I ( 1648 – 1694 )

Sometime during 1648 – 49 Froberger might have met Johann Kaspar Kerll, and possibly taught him.

This was around 1648 / 9 ; Kerll must have met Johann Jakob Froberger and might have studied with him.

* March 10 – Johann Schelle, composer ( b. 1648

Count Johann Weikhard of Auersperg ( 1615 – 1677 ) from 1640 onwards served as a member of the Reichshofrat council, as an envoy of Emperor Ferdinand III in the negotiations preparing the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, and as a tutor to young King Ferdinand IV.

Johann Michael Bach ( 9 August 1648, Arnstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – 17 May 1694, Gehren ) was a German composer of the Baroque period.

* Michael Wise ( 1648 – 1687 ), English composer

* Michael East ( c 1580 – c 1648 )

* Michael Roberts ( college principal ) ( died 1679 ), Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, 1648 – 1657

* Michael Stanhope ( 1624 – 1648 )

* 1648 – Arp Schnitger, German organ builder ( d. 1719 )

The Churches of Peace (, ) in Jawor ( German: Jauer ) and Świdnica ( German: Schweidnitz ) in Silesia were named after the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 which permitted the Lutherans in the Roman Catholic parts of Silesia to build three Evangelical churches from wood, loam and straw outside the city walls, without steeples and church bells.

Through its minor German principalities, the Swedish kings in their roles as princes and dukes, or Reichsfürsten, of the Holy Roman Empire took part in the German diets from 1648 until the dissolution of the empire in 1806.

By the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 Sweden received Swedish Pomerania, situated along the German Baltic Sea coast.

Sweden received the German town of Wismar with the surrounding countryside in the Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ).

Ursprung des deutschen Trauerspiels ( The Origin of German Tragic Drama, 1928 ), is a critical study of German baroque drama, as well as the political and cultural climate of Germany during the Counter-Reformation ( 1545 – 1648 ).

Dodo Freiherr zu Innhausen und Knyphausen ( sometimes Knijphausen or Kniphausen ; 2 July 1583 – 11 January 1636 ) was a German professional soldier who saw extensive service in the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ), rising to the rank of Field Marshal in Swedish service in 1633.

German Armies: War And German Society, 1648 – 1806.

Arguably, the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, by ending religious wars and creating a Germany of many small sovereign states, brought about the essential political conditions for the final development of a universally acceptable standard language in the subsequent New High German period.

Arp Schnitger ( born July 2, 1648 in Schmalenfleth, buried July 28, 1719 ) was a highly influential German organ builder.

Henry IV's son Louis XIII and his minister ( 1624 – 1642 ) Cardinal Richelieu, elaborated a policy against Spain and the German emperor during the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ) which had broken out among the lands of Germany's Holy Roman Empire.

In 1869 he published a map of the Arctic Ocean North of Wrangel Island with all exploration routes between 1648 and 1867 and a map with sea-temperatures in the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea as observed by the German expedition.

He moved to the German village of Kronenschieldt ( sometimes spelled Cronenschieldt ), near Leipzig, during the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ) and married Maria Hahn, from Annaburg in Saxony-Anhalt.

* Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels ( 1648 – 1681 ), German noblewoman

Naftali Hertz ben Yaakov Elchanan ( Bacharach ) ( 17th century ) was a German rabbi, born in Frankfurt, author of the controversial work Emeq HaMelekh ( Valley of the King, 1648, Amsterdam ) on the subject of the Lurianic Kabbalah.

It effectively brought to an end the civil war aspect of the Thirty Years ' War ; however, the combat actions still carried on due to the continued intervention on German soil by Spain, Sweden, and, from mid-1635, France, until the Peace of Westphalia was concluded in 1648.

German and French troops carried the plague to the city of Mantua in 1629, as a result of troop movements associated with the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ).

The Danish intervention began when Christian IV ( 1577 – 1648 ) the King of Denmark-Norway, himself a Lutheran, helped the German Protestants by leading an army against the Holy Roman Empire, fearing that Denmark's sovereignty as a Protestant nation was being threatened.

Although sauerkraut is a traditionally German and Eastern European dish, the French annexation of Alsace and Lorraine following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 brought this dish to the attention of French chefs and it has since been widely adopted in France.